Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
1. Nephrotic Syndrome *
**Key finding is proteinuria > 3.5g/24 hrs and
generalized edema*
*It is also characterized by hypoalbuminemia,
hypercholes- terolemia, hyperlipidemia and
lipiduria, hypercoagulable state
*Can be primary, being a disease specific to the
kidney
*Can be secondary, being a renal manifestation of a
sys- temic disease
*1/3 of nephrotic syndrome is associated with
systemic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, or
amyloidosis
**Compensatory increase in α2-macroglobulin
synthesis and other proteins to maintain oncotic
pressure.*
*
2. Primary vs Secondary Primary: Refers to disease limited to the kidney
Nephrotic Syndrome Secondary: A systemic disease that attects the whole
body including the kidney
3. What are three systemic diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus (can also
present as
that can cause nephrotic syn- (neutrophils/cy- tokines)
drome?
4. In Nephrotic Syndrome,
glomerular injury is caused
by
, Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
ephritic) Cytokines Nephritic:
Amyloidosis Neutrophils
iabetic nephropathy
*Mnemonic: NephrITIC is similar to ITIS which means in-
Mnemonic: SAD* flammation and neutrophils are mediators of
inflamma-
ephrotic:
In Nephritic Syndrome, glomeru- tion*
lar injury is caused by
, Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
(neutrophils/cy- tokines)
5. Name 6 Clinical *Proteinuria > 3.5g/24 hrs
Manifestations associated *Hypoalbuminemia
with Nephrotic Syn- drome *Generalized Edema (due to decreased plasma
oncotic pressure) (soft and pitting and often in
periorbital areas)
*Hypogammaglobulinemia
*Hyperlipidemia and Hypercholesterolemia
*Hypercoagulable state
6. What amount of
proteinuria (grams per day) > 3.5 grams of protein per day
is diagnostic of nephrotic
syndrome? (Or urinary protein/creatinine ratio > than 3.5)
7. A 24-hour urine test of > A single spot urine test for albumin and creatinine
3.5 grams of protein is
diagnostic
of nephrotic syndrome. However, protein/creatinine ratio > than 3.5 is
diagnostic
this test is cumbersome to
per- form. What is an easier
test with equal accuracy that
can be done?
8. What 2 mechanisms 9. Why do patients with nephrot-
contribute to edema in ic syndrome develop hy-
patients with nephrotic perlipidemia and hypercholes-
syndrome? terolemia?
, Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
*Hypoalbuminemia/Decreased oncotic
pressure* allows fluid movement out of the
vasculature into interstitial spaces.
*Renal sodium retention* due to the renal
disease and decreased intravascular
volume/RAAS activation
Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
occurs as a re- sult of increased hepatic
synthetic activity of proteins (in- cluding
albumin and lipoproteins) in attempt to
correct decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
Answers!!!
1. Nephrotic Syndrome *
**Key finding is proteinuria > 3.5g/24 hrs and
generalized edema*
*It is also characterized by hypoalbuminemia,
hypercholes- terolemia, hyperlipidemia and
lipiduria, hypercoagulable state
*Can be primary, being a disease specific to the
kidney
*Can be secondary, being a renal manifestation of a
sys- temic disease
*1/3 of nephrotic syndrome is associated with
systemic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, or
amyloidosis
**Compensatory increase in α2-macroglobulin
synthesis and other proteins to maintain oncotic
pressure.*
*
2. Primary vs Secondary Primary: Refers to disease limited to the kidney
Nephrotic Syndrome Secondary: A systemic disease that attects the whole
body including the kidney
3. What are three systemic diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus (can also
present as
that can cause nephrotic syn- (neutrophils/cy- tokines)
drome?
4. In Nephrotic Syndrome,
glomerular injury is caused
by
, Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
ephritic) Cytokines Nephritic:
Amyloidosis Neutrophils
iabetic nephropathy
*Mnemonic: NephrITIC is similar to ITIS which means in-
Mnemonic: SAD* flammation and neutrophils are mediators of
inflamma-
ephrotic:
In Nephritic Syndrome, glomeru- tion*
lar injury is caused by
, Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
(neutrophils/cy- tokines)
5. Name 6 Clinical *Proteinuria > 3.5g/24 hrs
Manifestations associated *Hypoalbuminemia
with Nephrotic Syn- drome *Generalized Edema (due to decreased plasma
oncotic pressure) (soft and pitting and often in
periorbital areas)
*Hypogammaglobulinemia
*Hyperlipidemia and Hypercholesterolemia
*Hypercoagulable state
6. What amount of
proteinuria (grams per day) > 3.5 grams of protein per day
is diagnostic of nephrotic
syndrome? (Or urinary protein/creatinine ratio > than 3.5)
7. A 24-hour urine test of > A single spot urine test for albumin and creatinine
3.5 grams of protein is
diagnostic
of nephrotic syndrome. However, protein/creatinine ratio > than 3.5 is
diagnostic
this test is cumbersome to
per- form. What is an easier
test with equal accuracy that
can be done?
8. What 2 mechanisms 9. Why do patients with nephrot-
contribute to edema in ic syndrome develop hy-
patients with nephrotic perlipidemia and hypercholes-
syndrome? terolemia?
, Nephrotic Syndromes Exam Questions With 100% Solved
Answers!!!
*Hypoalbuminemia/Decreased oncotic
pressure* allows fluid movement out of the
vasculature into interstitial spaces.
*Renal sodium retention* due to the renal
disease and decreased intravascular
volume/RAAS activation
Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
occurs as a re- sult of increased hepatic
synthetic activity of proteins (in- cluding
albumin and lipoproteins) in attempt to
correct decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
