100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached 4.2 TrustPilot
logo-home
Exam (elaborations)

Microbiology Introduction 13th ed. Tortora, Funke and Case 2025 Latest update study guide// A+ Grade

Rating
-
Sold
-
Pages
18
Grade
A+
Uploaded on
16-08-2025
Written in
2025/2026

Microbiologyzx Introductionzx 13thzx ed. zx Tortor a, zx Funkezx andzx Casezx 2025zx Latest zx updatezx stu dyzx guide// zx A+zx Grade Prokaryotezx- zx Azx unicellularzx organismzx thatzx lackszx azx nucleuszx andzx membranezx boundzx organelleszx withzx si ngularlyzx arrangedzx Theirzx DNAzx iszx notzx associatedzx withzx histoneszx andzx gen erallyzx lackzx organelleszx suchzx aszx nuclei,zx mitochondriazx andzx chloroplasts. Cellzx wallszx usuallyzx containzx peptidoglycanzx Divi dezx byzx binaryzx fission Eukaryoteszx-zx Cellszx thatzx containzx nuclei DNAzx iszx foundzx inzx cll'szx nucleus,zx andzx DNAzx iszx consistentlyzx associatedzx withzx chromosomalzx proteinszx calledzx histoneszx andzx withzx nonhistones. Theyzx havezx mitochondria,zx endoplasmiczx reticulum,zx Golgizx complex,zx lysosomes,zx andzx andzx sometimeszx chloroplasts. Theirzx cellzx wallszx arezx chemicallyzx simple. Cellzx divisionzx usuallyzx involveszx mitositszx inzx whichzx chromosomeszx replicatezx andzx andzx identi alczx setzx iszx distrubitedzx intozx eachzx ofzx twozx Divisionzx ofzx thezx cytoplasmzx andzx otherzx or ganelleszx occurzx sozx thatzx thezx twozx cellszx producedzx arezx identicalzx tozx eachzx other.

Show more Read less
Institution
Micr
Course
Micr










Whoops! We can’t load your doc right now. Try again or contact support.

Written for

Institution
Micr
Course
Micr

Document information

Uploaded on
August 16, 2025
Number of pages
18
Written in
2025/2026
Type
Exam (elaborations)
Contains
Questions & answers

Subjects

Content preview

Microbiology Introduction 13th ed. Tortor
zx zx zx zx




a, Funke and Case 2025 Latest update stu
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx




dy guide// A+ Grade
zx zx zx




Prokaryotezx-
zxAzxunicellularzxorganismzxthatzxlackszxazxnucleuszxandzxmembranezxboundzxorganelleszxwithzxsi

ngularlyzxarrangedzxchromosomes.zxTheirzxDNAzxiszxnotzxassociatedzxwithzxhistoneszxandzxgen
erallyzxlackzxorganelleszxsuchzxaszxnuclei,zxmitochondriazxandzxchloroplasts.

CellzxwallszxusuallyzxcontainzxpeptidoglycanzxDivi
dezxbyzxbinaryzxfission

Eukaryoteszx-zxCellszxthatzxcontainzxnuclei
DNAzxiszxfoundzxinzxcll'szxnucleus,zxandzxDNAzxiszxconsistentlyzxassociatedzxwithzxchromosomalzx
proteinszxcalledzxhistoneszxandzxwithzxnonhistones.
Theyzxhavezxmitochondria,zxendoplasmiczxreticulum,zxGolgizxcomplex,zxlysosomes,zxandzxandzx
sometimeszxchloroplasts.
Theirzxcellzxwallszxarezxchemicallyzxsimple.
Cellzxdivisionzxusuallyzxinvolveszxmitositszxinzxwhichzxchromosomeszxreplicatezxandzxandzxidenti
alczxsetzxiszxdistrubitedzxintozxeachzxofzxtwozxnuclei.zxDivisionzxofzxthezxcytoplasmzxandzxotherzxor
ganelleszxoccurzxsozxthatzxthezxtwozxcellszxproducedzxarezxidenticalzxtozxeachzxother.

Prokaryoticzxcellzxstructurezx-
zx3zxbasiczxshapeszxBacilluszx-zxRod-shaped

Coccuszx-
zxSphericalzxSpirillumzx-

zxHelical-shaped




Mostzxbacteriazxrangezxfromzx.2tzx2.0umzxinzxdiameterzxandzx2zxtozx8umzxinzxlength.zxmono
mophriczx:zxonezxshapezxallzxthezxtime
pleomorphiczx:zxcanzxhavezxmanyzxshapeszxnotzxjsutzxone.

Glycocalyx:zxbacteriazxsecretezxthiszxonzxthierzxsurfacezxcomposedzxofzxpolysaccaride,zxpolyp
eptid,zxorzxboth.zxItzxvarieszxwidelyzxfromzxspecieszxtozxspecies.zxIfzxit'szxorganizedzxandzxfirmlyzxat
tachedzxit'szxcalledzxazxcapsule.zxIfzxit'szxnot,zxthenzxit'szxcalledzxazxslimyzxlayer.

Whatzxarezxthezxstructuralzxdifferenceszxbetweenzxgramzx+zxandzxgramzx-cellzxwalls?zx-
zxGram zx+zxpeptidoglycanzx(cellzxwall)zxiszxthickzxvszxthinzxinzxgramzx-




Whatzxiszxthezxstructurezxofzxpeptidoglycan?zx-
zxPeptidoglycan zxconsistszxofzxtwozxtypeszxofzxmonosaccharideszx(N-

acetylzxglucosaminezxandzxN-
acetylzxmuramiczxacid)zxthatzxalternatezxwithzxeachzxotherzxandzxarezxlinkedzxbyzxbeta-1,4-
glycosidiczxlinkages.zxInzxaddition,zxonezxofzxthezxmonosaccharideszxhaszxazxchainzxofzxaminozxa
cidszxthatzxallowszxside-by-sidezxchainszxtozxpeptidezxbond.

,aerobiczxrespirationzx-
zxRespirationzxthatzxrequireszxoxygenzxproduces zxmorezxenergyzxthanzxanaerobiczxrespiration

glucosezx+zxOxygenzx---
>zxCO2zx+zxH20zxFinalzxelectronzxacce
ptorzxiszxOxygen

Anaerobiczxrespirationzx-
zxcreateszxlesszxenergyzxthanzxaerobiczxrespiration,zxdoesn'tzxusezxoxygenzxinorganiczxcompoun

dzxaszxfinalzxelectronzxacceptor
createszxLacticzxAcidzxwhichzxiszxtoxiczxandzxmustzxbezxbrokenzxdownzxwhichzxiszxwhyzxwezx
stillzxbreathezxhardzxAFTERzxexercisezxandzxalsozxmakeszxmuscleszxsore
Commonzxinzxmicrobeszx(canzxlivezxwithoutzxoxygen)

glycolysis,zxkrebszxcycle,zxelectronzxtransportzxchainzx-zx3zxstageszxofzxcellularzxrespiration

glycolysiszxproductszx-zx2zxATP,zx2zxNADH,zx2zxpyruvate

Krebszxcyclezx-
zxsecondzxstagezxofzxcellularzxrespiration,zxinzxwhichzxpyruviczxacidzxiszxbrokenzxdownzxintozxcarb

onzxdioxidezxinzxazxserieszxofzxenergy-
extractingzxreactions,zxwherezx2zxATPzxarezxreleasedzxandzxNAD+zxiszxreducedzx(e-
zxreleased)zx=>zxNADH,zxFAD+reduced zx(e-

zxreleased)zx=>zxFADHzxsubstratezxphospholationzxoccurszxinzxKrebszxcycle




ElectronzxTransportzxChainzx(ETC)zx-zxserieszxofzxelectronzxcarrierzxproteinszxthatzxshuttlezxhigh-
zxenergyzxelectronszxduringzxATP-

generatingzxreactions,zxresultszxinzx34zxATP,zxH+zxreleasedzxoutsidezxmembranezxactedzxonzxbyz
xenzymezxthenzxpumpedzxbackzxintozxorganellezxbyzxChemiosis.zxOxidationzxwithzxH+zxproduced

zxH2O,zxO2zxiszxthezxfinalzxaccepterzxe-.zx3ADPzx+zx3zxPhosphatezxGroupzx=>zx3zxATP

OxidativezxPhospholationzxoccurszxhere.

Cataboliczx-
zxAzxprocesszxinzxwhichzxlargezxmoleculeszxarezxbroken zxdownzxThinkzx"c

ut"zxaboliczxenergyzxiszxreleased

Anaboliczx-
zxAzxprocesszxinzxwhichzxlargezxmoleculeszxarezxbuiltzxfrom zxsmallzxmoleculeszxThinkzx"Ana

"zxaddition

Metabolismzx-
zxthe zxcombination zxofzxchemicalzxreactionszxthrough zxwhichzxanzxorganismzxbuildszxupzxorzxbrea

kszxdownzxmaterials

Gramzx+zxbacteriazx-
zxSeveralzxlayerszxofzxpeptidoglycan. zxVeryzxthickzxand zxrigid.zxContainszxteichoiczxacid.

StainszxPurple/Bluezxduezxtozxalcoholzxtrappingzxinzxlargezxcrystalzxvioletzxiodinezxaszxthezxalcoholz
xshrinkszxthezxcellszxsozxthezxdyezxcan'tzxescape




Gramzx-zxbacteriazx-zx-envelopezxabsorbszxsafraninzxandzxappearszxpink-red

-containzxsmallerzxamountzxofzxpeptidoglycanzx(havingzxthinkzxlayerzxofzxit)

, -containszxlipopolysaccharideszx(triggerszximmunezxsystemzxresponsezxinzxhumans)
$10.49
Get access to the full document:

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

Get to know the seller
Seller avatar
primenotes6

Get to know the seller

Seller avatar
primenotes6 Teachme2-tutor
View profile
Follow You need to be logged in order to follow users or courses
Sold
0
Member since
4 months
Number of followers
0
Documents
25
Last sold
-

0.0

0 reviews

5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0

Recently viewed by you

Why students choose Stuvia

Created by fellow students, verified by reviews

Quality you can trust: written by students who passed their tests and reviewed by others who've used these notes.

Didn't get what you expected? Choose another document

No worries! You can instantly pick a different document that better fits what you're looking for.

Pay as you like, start learning right away

No subscription, no commitments. Pay the way you're used to via credit card and download your PDF document instantly.

Student with book image

“Bought, downloaded, and aced it. It really can be that simple.”

Alisha Student

Frequently asked questions