ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
, FURTHER ORGANIC
Alcohols
4.29C know that alcohols contain the functional group −OH
4.30C understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae
for methanol,
ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol
only), and name each compound the names propanol and butanol
are acceptable
4.31C know that ethanol can be oxidised by:
• burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion)
• reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial
oxidation)
• heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to
form ethanoic acid
4.32C know that ethanol can be manufactured by:
• reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid
catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about
60–70 atm
• the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an
optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in
yeast
4.33C understand the reasons for fermentation, in the absence of
air, and at an
optimum temperature
Carboxylic acids
4.34C know that carboxylic acids contain the functional group:
,4.35C understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae
for unbranched-chain carboxylic acids with up to four carbon
atoms in the molecule, and name each compound
4.36C describe the reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic
acids with metals
and metal carbonates
4.37C know that vinegar is an aqueous solution containing
ethanoic acid
Esters
4.38C know that esters contain the functional group:
4.39C know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when
ethanol and ethanoic
acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst
4.40C understand how to write the structural and displayed
formulae of
ethyl ethanoate
4.41C understand how to write the structural and displayed
formulae of an ester, given the name or formula of the alcohol
and carboxylic acid from which it is formed and vice versa
4.42C know that esters are volatile compounds with distinctive
smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes
4.43C practical: prepare a sample of an ester such as ethyl
ethanoate
Condensation polymers
4.48C know that condensation polymerisation, in which a
dicarboxylic acid reacts
with a diol, produces a polyester and water
4.49C understand how to write the structural and displayed
formula of a polyester,
showing the repeat unit, given the formulae of the monomers
from which it
is formed including the reaction of ethanedioic acid and
ethanediol:
,4.50C know that some polyesters, known as biopolyesters, are
biodegradable
, CONTENTS
Intro & Crude Oil
Alkanes
Alkenes
Additional Polymers
Alcohols
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Condensation Polymers
, Intro & Crude Oil
4.1 Organic means a subtance that contains carbon and
hydrogen – hydrocarbons
4.3 Isomers are
compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural + displayed formulas.
Homologous series - 'a family of compounds e.g.
alkanes/alkenes'
Exam Question:
What characteristics do members of the same
homologous series have? [4 marks]
Same general formula
o (or same functional group)
Similar chemical properties
Gradation in the physical properties trend*.
o *(melting points and boiling points)
o As the hydrocarbon gets bigger, the boiling point
increases due to stronger intermolecular forces
between the molecules.
Each successive member differs by a CH2 group*.
o *E.g. C2H4-->C3H6-->C4H8
4.4
Prefixes:
1 (carbon): meth-, 2: eth-, 3: prop-, 4: but-, 5: pent- 6:
hex-
How to name a compound from its displayed formula:
1. Look at the biggest number of carbons in a straight line =
main line.
2. Look at the number of carbons coming off the main line.
3. Look at the position of the carbons coming off the main line
(count so that the number is as low as possible).
Example:
An isomer of butane.
There are 3 carbons in any line.
There is one carbon coming off the main line
, FURTHER ORGANIC
Alcohols
4.29C know that alcohols contain the functional group −OH
4.30C understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae
for methanol,
ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol
only), and name each compound the names propanol and butanol
are acceptable
4.31C know that ethanol can be oxidised by:
• burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion)
• reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial
oxidation)
• heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to
form ethanoic acid
4.32C know that ethanol can be manufactured by:
• reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid
catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about
60–70 atm
• the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an
optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in
yeast
4.33C understand the reasons for fermentation, in the absence of
air, and at an
optimum temperature
Carboxylic acids
4.34C know that carboxylic acids contain the functional group:
,4.35C understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae
for unbranched-chain carboxylic acids with up to four carbon
atoms in the molecule, and name each compound
4.36C describe the reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic
acids with metals
and metal carbonates
4.37C know that vinegar is an aqueous solution containing
ethanoic acid
Esters
4.38C know that esters contain the functional group:
4.39C know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when
ethanol and ethanoic
acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst
4.40C understand how to write the structural and displayed
formulae of
ethyl ethanoate
4.41C understand how to write the structural and displayed
formulae of an ester, given the name or formula of the alcohol
and carboxylic acid from which it is formed and vice versa
4.42C know that esters are volatile compounds with distinctive
smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes
4.43C practical: prepare a sample of an ester such as ethyl
ethanoate
Condensation polymers
4.48C know that condensation polymerisation, in which a
dicarboxylic acid reacts
with a diol, produces a polyester and water
4.49C understand how to write the structural and displayed
formula of a polyester,
showing the repeat unit, given the formulae of the monomers
from which it
is formed including the reaction of ethanedioic acid and
ethanediol:
,4.50C know that some polyesters, known as biopolyesters, are
biodegradable
, CONTENTS
Intro & Crude Oil
Alkanes
Alkenes
Additional Polymers
Alcohols
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Condensation Polymers
, Intro & Crude Oil
4.1 Organic means a subtance that contains carbon and
hydrogen – hydrocarbons
4.3 Isomers are
compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural + displayed formulas.
Homologous series - 'a family of compounds e.g.
alkanes/alkenes'
Exam Question:
What characteristics do members of the same
homologous series have? [4 marks]
Same general formula
o (or same functional group)
Similar chemical properties
Gradation in the physical properties trend*.
o *(melting points and boiling points)
o As the hydrocarbon gets bigger, the boiling point
increases due to stronger intermolecular forces
between the molecules.
Each successive member differs by a CH2 group*.
o *E.g. C2H4-->C3H6-->C4H8
4.4
Prefixes:
1 (carbon): meth-, 2: eth-, 3: prop-, 4: but-, 5: pent- 6:
hex-
How to name a compound from its displayed formula:
1. Look at the biggest number of carbons in a straight line =
main line.
2. Look at the number of carbons coming off the main line.
3. Look at the position of the carbons coming off the main line
(count so that the number is as low as possible).
Example:
An isomer of butane.
There are 3 carbons in any line.
There is one carbon coming off the main line
