lOMoARcPSD|17998471
1
ATI PEDIATRICS PROCTORED
EXAM CHAPTER 1: FAMILY
CENTERED NURSING CARE
1. PARENTING STYLES
• Dictatorial or authoritarian:
o Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations
▪ Ex: The child is never allowed to watch television on school nights
• Permissive:
o Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the child when making decisions
▪ Ex: The child assists with deciding whether he will watch television
• Democratic or authoritative:
o Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason for each rule setting
▪ Ex: The child can watch television for 1 hr on school nights after completing all of his homework and chores
o Parents negatively reinforce deviations form the rules
▪ Ex: The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new guidelines
CHAPTER 2: PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
1. Vital signs
-Usually vital signs are all high except for BP
-Temperature:
-3 – 6 months 99.5
-1 year 99.9
-3 year 99.0
-5 years 98.6
-7 years 98.2
-9 – 11 years 98.1
-13 years 97.9
-Pulse: -Newborn 80 – 180/min
-1 weeks – 3 months 80 – 220/min
-3 months – 2 years 70 – 150/min
-2 – 10 years 60 – 110/min
-10 years and older 50 – 90/min
-Respirations:
-Newborn – 1year 30 – 35/min
-1 – 2 years 25 – 30/min
-2 – 6 years 21 – 25/min
-6 – 12 years 19 – 21/min
-12 years and older 16 – 19/min
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
, lOMoARcPSD|17998471
2
-Blood pressure:
-Low as a baby but increases the older they get
-Infants: Systolic: 65-78/ Diastolic: 41-52
2. Head: Fontanels should be flat
• Anterior fontanel:
o Closes by 12-18 months
• Posterior fontanel:
o Closes by 6-8 weeks
3. TEETH
-Infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 year old
-Children and adolescents should have teeth that are white and smooth, and begin replacing the 20 deciduous teeth with 32
permanent teeth
4. INFANT REFLEXES
Stepping Birth to 4 weeks
Palmar Grasp Birth to 3 months
Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer Position) Birth to 3 – 4 months
Sucking and Rooting Reflex Birth to 4 months
Moro Reflex (Fall backward) Birth to 4 months
Startle Reflex (Loud Birth to 4 months
Noise) Plantar Reflex Birth to 8 months
Babinski Reflex Birth to 1 year
CHAPTER 3: HEALTH PROMOTION OF INFANTS (2 DAYS TO 1
YEAR)
1. PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Weight:
o Doubled by 5 months
o Tripled by 12 months
o Quartered by 30 months
• Height:
o 2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months
• Length:
o Increases by 50% by 12 months
• Dentition:
o First teeth erupt between 6-10 months
2. MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
• 1 Month
o Head lag
o Strong grasp reflex
• 2 Months
o Lifts head when prone
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
, lOMoARcPSD|17998471
3
o Holds hand in open position | Grasp reflex fades
• 3 Months
o Raises head and shoulders when prone | Slight head lag
o No grasp reflex | Keeps hands loosely open
• 4 Months
o Rolls from back to side
o Grasp objects with both hands
• 5 Months
o Rolls from front to back
o Palmar grasp dominantly
• 6 Months
o Rolls from back to front
o Holds bottle
• 7 Months
o Bears full weight on feet | Sits, leaning forward on both hands
o Moves objects from hand to hand
• 8 Months
o Sits unsupported
o Pincer grasp
• 9 Months
o Pulls to a standing position | Creeps on hands and knees instead of crawling
o Crude pincer grasp | Dominant hand is evident
• 10 Months
o Prone to sitting position
o Grasps rattle by its handle
• 11 Months
o Walks while holding onto something | Walks with one hand held
o Places objects into a container | Neat pincer grasp
• 12 Months
o Stands without support briefly | Sits from standing position without assistance
o Tries to build a two-block tower w/o success | Can turn pages in a book
3. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Piaget: sensorimotor (birth to 24 months)
• Object Permanence: objects still exists when it is out of view
o Occurs at 9-10 months
4. Language development: 3-5 words by the age of 1 year
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
, lOMoARcPSD|17998471
5. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust:
-Learn delayed gratification
-Trust is developed by meeting comfort, feeding, simulation, and caring needs
-Mistrust develops if needs are inadequately or inconsistently met or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by
the infant
6. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Separation Anxiety: protest when separated from parents
o Begins around 4-8 months
• Stranger Fear: ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people
o Begins 6-8 months
7. AGE APPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES
-Rattles
-Playing pat-a cake
-Brightly colored toys
-Playing with blocks
8. NUTRITION
• Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months
• Solids are introduced around 4-6 months
o Iron-fortified cereal is the first to be introduced
o New foods should be introduced one at a time, over a 5-7 day period to observe for allergy reactions
• Juice and water usually not needed for 1st year
• Appropriate finger foods:
o Ripe bananas
o Toast strips
o Graham crackers
o Cheese cubes
o Noodles
o Firmly cooked vegetables
o Raw pieces of fruit (except grapes)
9. INJURY PREVENTION
-Avoid small objects (grapes, coins, and candy)
-Handles of pots and pans should be kept turned to the back of the stove
-Sunscreen should be used when infants are exposed to the sun
-Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until age 2
-Crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 months
-Pillows should be kept out of the crib
-Infants should be placed on their backs for sleep
CHAPTER 4: HEALTH PROMOTION OF TODDLERS (1 TO 3 YEARS)
1. Physical development
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
1
ATI PEDIATRICS PROCTORED
EXAM CHAPTER 1: FAMILY
CENTERED NURSING CARE
1. PARENTING STYLES
• Dictatorial or authoritarian:
o Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations
▪ Ex: The child is never allowed to watch television on school nights
• Permissive:
o Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the child when making decisions
▪ Ex: The child assists with deciding whether he will watch television
• Democratic or authoritative:
o Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason for each rule setting
▪ Ex: The child can watch television for 1 hr on school nights after completing all of his homework and chores
o Parents negatively reinforce deviations form the rules
▪ Ex: The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new guidelines
CHAPTER 2: PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
1. Vital signs
-Usually vital signs are all high except for BP
-Temperature:
-3 – 6 months 99.5
-1 year 99.9
-3 year 99.0
-5 years 98.6
-7 years 98.2
-9 – 11 years 98.1
-13 years 97.9
-Pulse: -Newborn 80 – 180/min
-1 weeks – 3 months 80 – 220/min
-3 months – 2 years 70 – 150/min
-2 – 10 years 60 – 110/min
-10 years and older 50 – 90/min
-Respirations:
-Newborn – 1year 30 – 35/min
-1 – 2 years 25 – 30/min
-2 – 6 years 21 – 25/min
-6 – 12 years 19 – 21/min
-12 years and older 16 – 19/min
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
, lOMoARcPSD|17998471
2
-Blood pressure:
-Low as a baby but increases the older they get
-Infants: Systolic: 65-78/ Diastolic: 41-52
2. Head: Fontanels should be flat
• Anterior fontanel:
o Closes by 12-18 months
• Posterior fontanel:
o Closes by 6-8 weeks
3. TEETH
-Infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 year old
-Children and adolescents should have teeth that are white and smooth, and begin replacing the 20 deciduous teeth with 32
permanent teeth
4. INFANT REFLEXES
Stepping Birth to 4 weeks
Palmar Grasp Birth to 3 months
Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer Position) Birth to 3 – 4 months
Sucking and Rooting Reflex Birth to 4 months
Moro Reflex (Fall backward) Birth to 4 months
Startle Reflex (Loud Birth to 4 months
Noise) Plantar Reflex Birth to 8 months
Babinski Reflex Birth to 1 year
CHAPTER 3: HEALTH PROMOTION OF INFANTS (2 DAYS TO 1
YEAR)
1. PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Weight:
o Doubled by 5 months
o Tripled by 12 months
o Quartered by 30 months
• Height:
o 2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months
• Length:
o Increases by 50% by 12 months
• Dentition:
o First teeth erupt between 6-10 months
2. MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
• 1 Month
o Head lag
o Strong grasp reflex
• 2 Months
o Lifts head when prone
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
, lOMoARcPSD|17998471
3
o Holds hand in open position | Grasp reflex fades
• 3 Months
o Raises head and shoulders when prone | Slight head lag
o No grasp reflex | Keeps hands loosely open
• 4 Months
o Rolls from back to side
o Grasp objects with both hands
• 5 Months
o Rolls from front to back
o Palmar grasp dominantly
• 6 Months
o Rolls from back to front
o Holds bottle
• 7 Months
o Bears full weight on feet | Sits, leaning forward on both hands
o Moves objects from hand to hand
• 8 Months
o Sits unsupported
o Pincer grasp
• 9 Months
o Pulls to a standing position | Creeps on hands and knees instead of crawling
o Crude pincer grasp | Dominant hand is evident
• 10 Months
o Prone to sitting position
o Grasps rattle by its handle
• 11 Months
o Walks while holding onto something | Walks with one hand held
o Places objects into a container | Neat pincer grasp
• 12 Months
o Stands without support briefly | Sits from standing position without assistance
o Tries to build a two-block tower w/o success | Can turn pages in a book
3. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Piaget: sensorimotor (birth to 24 months)
• Object Permanence: objects still exists when it is out of view
o Occurs at 9-10 months
4. Language development: 3-5 words by the age of 1 year
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
, lOMoARcPSD|17998471
5. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust:
-Learn delayed gratification
-Trust is developed by meeting comfort, feeding, simulation, and caring needs
-Mistrust develops if needs are inadequately or inconsistently met or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by
the infant
6. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Separation Anxiety: protest when separated from parents
o Begins around 4-8 months
• Stranger Fear: ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people
o Begins 6-8 months
7. AGE APPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES
-Rattles
-Playing pat-a cake
-Brightly colored toys
-Playing with blocks
8. NUTRITION
• Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months
• Solids are introduced around 4-6 months
o Iron-fortified cereal is the first to be introduced
o New foods should be introduced one at a time, over a 5-7 day period to observe for allergy reactions
• Juice and water usually not needed for 1st year
• Appropriate finger foods:
o Ripe bananas
o Toast strips
o Graham crackers
o Cheese cubes
o Noodles
o Firmly cooked vegetables
o Raw pieces of fruit (except grapes)
9. INJURY PREVENTION
-Avoid small objects (grapes, coins, and candy)
-Handles of pots and pans should be kept turned to the back of the stove
-Sunscreen should be used when infants are exposed to the sun
-Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until age 2
-Crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 months
-Pillows should be kept out of the crib
-Infants should be placed on their backs for sleep
CHAPTER 4: HEALTH PROMOTION OF TODDLERS (1 TO 3 YEARS)
1. Physical development
Downloaded by Brittany Holder ()
