Ap Psychology Princeton Review Exam Questions And Answers Guaranteed Pass| Graded A+.

Psychology - correct answer The study of behavior and the mind Behavior - correct answer A natural process subject to natural laws. refers to the observable actions of a person or an animal Mind - correct answer refers to the sensation, memories, motives, emotions, thoughts, and other subjective phenomena particular to an individual or animal that are not readily observed Dualism - correct answer Divides the world and all things in it into two parts: body and spirit Brain - correct answer The command center of the central nervous system Rene Descartes () - correct answer Believed that the physical world is not under divine influence but rather follows a set of observable laws or rules. Proposed that the body and mind interact and the mind controls the body while the body provides the mind with sensory input for it to decipher. Also realizing that some body movements, which he named reflexes, are not controlled by the mind. Reflexes - correct answer An immediate, unconscious reaction to an environmental event John Locke () - correct answer His school of thought is known as empiricism. He uses the term of blank slate to describe the mind of an infant. Saying that almost all knowledge must be learned and nothing is innate. Empiricism - correct answer The acquisition of truth through observations and experiences Thomas Hobbes () - correct answer Believed that the idea of soul or spirit, or even of a mind, is meaningless. His philosophy is known as materialism, which is the belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy. What we experience as consciousness is simply a by-product of the machinery of the brain Behaviorism - correct answer posits that psychology is the study of observable behavior. Charles Darwin () - correct answer Proposed the theory of natural election. This evolution occurs because there is a naturally occurring variation among individuals in a species, and the individuals that are best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive to reproduce. Their offspring, in turn, will probably have some of the traits that made their predecessors more likely to survive. Natural Selection - correct answer Said that all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time. Evolutionary Theory - correct answer Set the stage for psychology by providing a way to explain differences between species and justifying the use of animals as a means to study the roots of human behavior. Wilhelm Wundt () - correct answer Opened a laboratory to study consciousness. Trained in physiology and hoped to apply the methods that he used to study the body to the study of the mind. Edward Titchener () - correct answer A student in Wundt's laboratory, he was the first to bring psychology to the United States. He theorized that understanding all of the parts would lead to the understanding of the greater structure of the mind. Structuralism/Introspection - correct answer Means looking for patterns in thought, which are illuminated through interviews, with a subject describing his or her conscious experience. William James () - correct answer An American psychologist who opposed the structuralism approach. He argued that what is important is the function of the mind, such as how to solve a complex problem. He believed that the most important thing to understand is how the mind fulfills its purpose. Functionalism - correct answer A function-orientated approach. Biological psychology - correct answer A field of psychology that seeks to understand the interactions between anatomy and physiology. Behavioral genetics - correct answer A field of psychology that emphasizes that particular behaviors are attributed to specific, genetically based psychological characteristics. Classical Conditioning - correct answer First identified by Ian Pavlov, was one of the behaviorists' most important early findings It is defined as a basic form of learning in which a behavior comes to be elicited by a formerly neutral stimulus. John Watson () - correct answer His assistant Rosalie Rayner applied classical conditioning to humans in the famed Little Albert experiment. B.F. Skinner () - correct answer A behaviorist, who through the development of his behavioral response with an environmental outcome. Behavior modification - correct answer A set of techniques in which psychological problems are considered to be the product of learned habits, which can be unlearned by the applications of _________. Cognitive Psychology - correct answer An approach rooted in the idea that to understand people's behavior, we must first understand how they construe their environment - in other words, how they thing. Humanistic approach - correct answer Rooted in the philosophical tradition of studying the roles of consciousness, free will, and awareness of human condition. It emphasizes on personal values and goals and how they influences behavior, rather than attempting to divide personality into smaller components. Abraham Maslow () - correct answer Proposed the idea of self-actualization, the need for individuals to reach their full potential in a creative way. Self-actualization - correct answer means accepting yourself and your nature, while knowing your limits and strengths. Carl Rogers () - correct answer Stressed the role of unconditional positive regard in interactions and the need for positive self-concept as critical factors in attaining self-actualization. Sigmund Freud () - correct answer Developed an approach to psychology known as psychoanalytic theory. Drawing a distinct line between unconscious mind and the unconscious mind. This theory stresses parents to the development of personality. Conscious mind - correct answer A mental state of awareness that we have ready access to Unconscious mind - correct answer Those mental process that we do not normally have access to but are yet influenced by in some way. Carl Jung - correct answer Expanded on the idea of psychoanalytic theory with his concept of the Collective Unconscious. Repressed - correct answer Buried in the unconscious. Collective Unconscious - correct answer A part of individual's unconscious which derives memory and knowledge from an ancestral memory, common to the human experience. Sociocultural approach - correct answer The environment a person lives in has a great deal to do with how the person behaves and ow others perceive that behavior. Evolutionary Approach - correct answer Focuses the theories of Darwin. Behavior can best be explained in terms of how adaptive that behavior is to our survival. For example, without fear, our survival would be jeopardized. Experiment - correct answer An investigation seeking to understand relations of cause and effect Independent variable - correct answer The manipulated variable Dependent variable - correct answer What is being measured Population - correct answer A group of interest Representative sample - correct answer A small sample of what it is supposed to represent. A small group of people 10 people can represent 100 people. Representativeness - correct answer The degree to which a sample reflects the diverse characteristics. Random Sampling - correct answer A way of ensuring maximum representativeness Single-blind design - correct answer A design that means that the subjects do not know whether they are in the control or experimental group Double-blind design - correct answer Studies that are designed so that the experimenter does not inadvertently change the responses of the subject, such as by using a different tone of voice with members of the control group than with the experimental group. Placebo - correct answer A seemingly therapeutic object or procedure, which causes the control group to believe they are in the experimental group but are actually contains none of the test material. Correlational research - correct answer Involves assessing the degree of association between two or more variables or characteristics of interest that occur naturally. Conceptual definition - correct answer Is the theory or issue being studied Operational definition - correct answer is how that theory or issue will be directly observed or measured in the study. Internal validity - correct answer The certainty with which the results of an experiment can b