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Summary

Summary - IGCSE

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Master IGCSE Chemistry with this comprehensive, exam-focused guide! Perfect for quick revision or in-depth study, these notes cover every syllabus topic with: Clear explanations of core concepts (e.g., bonding, electrolysis, organic chemistry) Step-by-step diagrams (e.g., fractional distillation, energy profiles) Practical experiment summaries (e.g., titration, flame tests, polymer preparation) Exam-style tips and common misconceptions highlighted Key definitions, equations, and reaction mechanisms simplified Bonus features: Color-coded sections for easy navigation Trends in the Periodic Table and reactivity series summarized Real-world applications (e.g., cracking, alloy uses) Ideal for students aiming for A grades* and teachers seeking a structured revision resource. Download now and ace your exams! ️⚗️

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Uploaded on
August 11, 2025
Number of pages
28
Written in
2025/2026
Type
Summary

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E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
S S S S S S S S S S S S S
JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
S S S S S S S S S S S S S
JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
S S S S S S S S S S S S S
JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
S S S S S S S S S S S S S
JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES E

,SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE


JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE


JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE


JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE
ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES E
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
States of matter




S


S


S


S
· solid .
2 liquid 3
.

gas

·
closely and regularly packed ·
closely and irregularly packed far apart and irregularly packed




S


S


S


S
only vibrate at fixed free to about freely and
·
positions · move
slowly ·
more
quickly
· have kinetic
energy and are in constant and random motion


·

higher speed of movement = more Kinetic
energy
·
weaker attraction forces =
more potential energy
S


S


S


S
gas ·
endothermic



ation boilingcondensation exothermic


deposition
·




evaporation
melting
solid liquid
freezing
S


S


S


S
·
gain energy by overcoming attraction forces between them so as to become more widely spread

when attraction forces between particles become them together
lose
energy stronger bringing closer
·
,
S


S


S


S
S


S


S


S
· solvent :
liquid that dissolves solute


· solute : substances that is dissolved in solvent
S


S


S


S
·
solution :
liquid formed from dissolving solute in solvent

·
saturated solution : solution containing maximum amount of dissolved solute at given temperature
S


S


S


S
·
mass of solute which must dissolve in 100g of solvent at that temperature to form a standard solution




-
S


S


S


S
temperature
S


S


S


S
S


S


S


S
S


S


S


S
S


S


S


S

,SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI


SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI
JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE


JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE


JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE


JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE JE
ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES E
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E


E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
Elements , compound and mixture




S


S


S


S
·
pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical means


· one
type of atoms
only




S


S


S


S
of
all atoms are
having same number protons

·

pure substance
consisting of two or more elements chemically joined together
· fixed proportions of different types of atoms


·

impure substance consisting of two or more substances physically mixed together
S


S


S


S
various constituents can be in proportion
any
·
S


S


S


S
S


S


S


S
·
separate solvent from solution liquid with large difference in
boiling points

·

anti-bumping granules ensure smooth
boiling
·
thermometer bulb is placed above liquid surface and near side-arm connected to condenser
S


S


S


S
· condenser is used to cool down and condense not vapour

water condenser at and leaves at
supply enters lower
opening upper opening
·




ensure vapour inside condenser is always hotter than surrounding water better cooling effect

·
distillate is liquid collected
S


S


S


S
of miscible liquids with different boiling point
·
separate mixture


·
separate insoluble solid from mixture/mixture of soluble solid and insoluble solid

rob is used guide flow of liquid
·

glass to


· residue : insoluble solid
remaining on filter paper
S


S


S


S
· filtrate : clear liquid that passes through filter paper

·
separate dissolved salt (in form of crystal) from its solution


1 heat to concentrate solution


2 allow solution to cool down and evaporate at room temperature
S


S


S


.
S
. filter
3 off crystals formed

4 Wash them with little amount of cold distilled water


.
5 with filter
dry paper

·
separate mixture of byes mixture of colourless substances
S


S


S


S

·
more soluble in solvent-higher level


·
more
strongly absorbed =
lower level

·
filter paper is placed vertically with its lower end immersed in solvent


baseline is drawn above solvent level to prevent the byes from dissolving mixing into solvent directly
S


S


S


S


·




· lid prevents evaporation of solvent




Distance travelled by from
S


S


S


S



substance baseline
·
Rf =




Distance travelled by solvent from baseline


·
larger values =
more soluble absorb less strongly
S


S


S


S
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