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Summary - IGCSE

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Ace your IGCSE Biology exams with these detailed, exam-focused notes! Covering every major topic from cell biology to ecology, this guide simplifies complex concepts with clear explanations, diagrams, and key definitions. Perfect for quick revision or in-depth study, it includes: Essential diagrams (e.g., heart, leaf structure, DNA) Practical experiment summaries (e.g., enzyme tests, photosynthesis) Exam tips and common misconceptions Highlighted keywords for easy memorization Ideal for students aiming for top grades or teachers seeking a structured resource. Download now and boost your confidence! Bonus: Organized by syllabus sections for targeted revision!

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Uploaded on
August 11, 2025
Number of pages
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Written in
2025/2026
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Summary

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• organelles: specialized structures found inside a cell




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• cells: the basic building blocks of all living organisms
• tissues: groups of specialized cells working together to carry out a specific function
• organs: groups of specialized tissues working together to carry out a specific function
• systems: groups of specialized organs working together to carry out a specific function
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• animal cell
• nucleus
-largest organelle in the cell
-not present in red blood cell
-control activities of the cell
-contain chromosomes
• cytoplasm
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-jelly-like, contain mainly water
-containing many organelles
-where most chemical reactions take place
• cell membrane
-thin and elastic
-has tiny pores
-selectively permeable
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-control movement of substances into and out of the cell
• cell wall
-found outside membrane
-thick and tough
• plant cell
-made of cellulose
-contain large holes
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-freely permeable
-maintain the shape of a cell and protect the inner structure
• mitochondria
-involved in release of energy of aerobic respiration
• chloroplasts
-contain green pigment called chlorophyll
-absorb light energy for photosynthesis
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• ribosomes
-tiny structure in cytoplasm
-site for protein synthesis
• vacuole
-large central space
-filled with cell sap
-storage of various substances
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• both have cell membrane, nucleus and mitochondria
• animal cell is smaller in size
• animal cell is irregularly shaped while plant cell is regularly shaped
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• cell wall is only present in plant cell
• vacuole is small or absent in animal cell while plant cell gas large central vacuole
• glycogen granules is stored as food in animal cell, while plant contains starch
• chloroplast is only present in plant cell
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• as an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells
• when a cell differentiates, it develops a structure and composition of subcellular structures which enables it to carry out a certain function
• Specialised cells are those that have developed certain characteristics that allow them to perform particular functions.
• these differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus
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• regenerative medicine potential
• the possibility of creating personalized therapies
• ethical issues around embryo use
• potential for rejection
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• the risk of tumor formation

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• H:O = 2:1
• monosaccharides: simplest form of carbohydrate
-e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose
-sweet and soluble in water —> readily absorbed in alimentary canal
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-produce energy in cell respiration
• disaccharides: formed by 2 monosaccharides joining together by condensation
-e.g. maltose, lactose and sucrose
-can be broken down by digestive enzyme or heating with dilute acid
-sweet and soluble in water
-all reducing sugars except sucrose
• polysaccharides: large number of monosaccharides joining together by condensation
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-e.g. starch, glycogen and cellulose
-not sweet, insoluble in water and no reducing power

• made up of amino acid
• amino acids —> polypeptide chain —> protein molecule
• non-essential: can be made from other amino acid in our body
• essential: must be obtained by diet
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• excess amino acids are delaminated in the liver
-nitrogen-containing part —> urea —> excreted out of the body though urine
-carbon-containing part —> carbohydrate —> stored in liver or broken down to release energy

• H:O > 2:1
• composed of glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
• insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
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• animal oil is solid or semi-solid at room temperature
• plant oil is liquid at room temperature
• dietary fats can be divided into saturated fat and unsaturated fat
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• Clinistix paper changes from pink to blue
• Benedict’s test —> brick red precipitate forms
• Iodine test changes from brown to blue-black
• Biuret test changes from blue purple
• Albustix paper changes from yellow to green
• Emulsion test —> milky solution forms
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• Grease spot test —> translucent spot is left
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• 0°C: inactivated
• 10°C-40°C: substrate move faster at room temperature —> increasing chance of collision with active site to form enzyme-substrate complex
• 40°C: enzymatic reaction occurs most rapidly
• >40°C: shapes of active site change —> enzymes lose catalytic functions —> denature
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• most enzymes can only function within a narrow range of pH
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