RNSG 2539 EXAM 2 (Gas Exchange) REAL EXAM 2025
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hm0p0h
Ketoacidosis
Lactic Acidosis
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Renal Failure
Diarrhea
Vomiting
NG suctioning
Diuretic therapy
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Severe Hypokalemia
Alkali administration
Steroid therapy
SaO2 normal range 95-100%
80-100
PaO2 normal range
65-75 if 1 mile above sea level
Severe pulmonary edema
Shunting of blood
Hypoxemia
Complications that may arise from pro- *O2 administered above 60% or for more
longed O2 toxicity than 24 hours should be considered tox-
ic*
*O2 delivered at below 40% is generally
nontoxic*
Definition of acute hypoxemic respiratory O2 sat <60% despite receiving O2 sup-
failure plement of 60% or >
Definition of acute hypercapnic respira-
PCO2 greater than 45% with acidemia
tory failure
Hypoxemia present during excercise but
Classic sign of diffusion limitation
not at rest
Normal FiO2 range Between 21 and 100%
Mild: >200 to d300
ARDS P/F Ratios
Moderate: 100 to d200
, RNSG 2539 EXAM 2 (Gas Exchange) REAL EXAM 2025
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hm0p0h
Severe: <100
*Occurs approx 1-7 days post initial in-
jury*
- Intersitial edema
- Surfactant dysfunction (leads to atelec-
tasis)
- Hypoxemia
- *refractory hypoxemia* (unresponsive
Phase 1 of ARDS (Injury or Exudative)
to increased O2)
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Initially increased CO (later decreased
CO)
*Treatment*
- pressure controlled ventillation
*Begins 1-2 weeks after initial injury*
- increase in white blood cells
- Increased vascular resistance
- Pulmonary HTN
- Hypoxemia worsens
Phase 2 of ARDS (reparative and prolif-
erative)
*complete when diseased lung is charac-
terized by dense, fibrous tissue*
- If persists, widespread fibrosis
- If stopped, lesions will resolve
*Occurs 2-3 weeks after initial injury*
- Lung completely remodeled by fibrous
tissue
Phase 3 of ARDS (Fibrotic)
- Decreased lung compliance
- Further hypoxemia
- Pulmonary HTN and vascular destruc-
tion
Clinical Manifestations of ARDS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hm0p0h
Ketoacidosis
Lactic Acidosis
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Renal Failure
Diarrhea
Vomiting
NG suctioning
Diuretic therapy
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Severe Hypokalemia
Alkali administration
Steroid therapy
SaO2 normal range 95-100%
80-100
PaO2 normal range
65-75 if 1 mile above sea level
Severe pulmonary edema
Shunting of blood
Hypoxemia
Complications that may arise from pro- *O2 administered above 60% or for more
longed O2 toxicity than 24 hours should be considered tox-
ic*
*O2 delivered at below 40% is generally
nontoxic*
Definition of acute hypoxemic respiratory O2 sat <60% despite receiving O2 sup-
failure plement of 60% or >
Definition of acute hypercapnic respira-
PCO2 greater than 45% with acidemia
tory failure
Hypoxemia present during excercise but
Classic sign of diffusion limitation
not at rest
Normal FiO2 range Between 21 and 100%
Mild: >200 to d300
ARDS P/F Ratios
Moderate: 100 to d200
, RNSG 2539 EXAM 2 (Gas Exchange) REAL EXAM 2025
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hm0p0h
Severe: <100
*Occurs approx 1-7 days post initial in-
jury*
- Intersitial edema
- Surfactant dysfunction (leads to atelec-
tasis)
- Hypoxemia
- *refractory hypoxemia* (unresponsive
Phase 1 of ARDS (Injury or Exudative)
to increased O2)
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Initially increased CO (later decreased
CO)
*Treatment*
- pressure controlled ventillation
*Begins 1-2 weeks after initial injury*
- increase in white blood cells
- Increased vascular resistance
- Pulmonary HTN
- Hypoxemia worsens
Phase 2 of ARDS (reparative and prolif-
erative)
*complete when diseased lung is charac-
terized by dense, fibrous tissue*
- If persists, widespread fibrosis
- If stopped, lesions will resolve
*Occurs 2-3 weeks after initial injury*
- Lung completely remodeled by fibrous
tissue
Phase 3 of ARDS (Fibrotic)
- Decreased lung compliance
- Further hypoxemia
- Pulmonary HTN and vascular destruc-
tion
Clinical Manifestations of ARDS
