SolutionManualfor r r
StatisticsforNursing r r
r ResearchAWorkbook r r
forEvidence-Based
r r
r Practice3rdEdition
r r
r SusanGroveDaisha
r r
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded r r r r r r
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of r
1
r r
Measurement:Nominal, r r
r Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio r r r
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
r r r r r r r
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
rationale for your answer.
r r r r
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
probably developedto be exhaustive forthisstudy andincluded the categories ofdrugsthesubjectswere
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than one
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured at the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
ordinallevel becausetheycannot berankordered,since nodrugcategory can be considered more or less
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,2019).
r r r r r r r r r r r r
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
your answer.
r r
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
sample.
r
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
r r r r r r r r r
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
2017).
r
4. Researchersusedthefollowingitemtomeasureregisterednurses’(RNs)incomeinastudy:What r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
categoryidentifies your currentincomeasan RN?
r r r r r r r r
a. Lessthan$50,000
r r r
b. $50,000to59,999
r r r
c. $60,000to69,999
r r r
d. $70,000to80,000
r r r
e. $80,000orgreater
r r r
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
rules outlined inFigure 1-1? Provide arationalefor your answer.
r r r r r r r r r r r
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- riesare
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
exhaustive,rangingfromlessthan$50,000togreaterthan$80,000.Thetwoopen-ended
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
AG1-1 r
,AG1-2 r Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded r r r r r r
categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.Thecategories arenotexclusive,sincecatego-ries (d) r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto greater than $80,000,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray,2019; Waltzetal.,2017).
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer.
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be attheinterval level
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
ofmeasurement(Grayetal.,2017;Waltzetal.,2017).
r r r r r r r r r r
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
cardiac patientsinthisstudy? Provide arationalefor your answer.
r r r r r r r r r r r
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of this
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
result.
r
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater r r r r r r r r r r r r r
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
mightbediagnosed andtreatedasneeded.
r r r r r r r
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
(%).
r
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula:
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
r(group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size)
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
× 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
clinical practice?
r r
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, steady-
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusofcardiac patients.
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
r r r r r r AG 1-3 r
10. How wasexerciseconfidencemeasuredinthisstudy? What wasthelevel ofmeasurementfor the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Exercise confidence ofthe patients with heart failure(HF)in thisstudy was measuredwiththe
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Exercise Confidence Scalethatincludedfoursubscales focusedonwalking,climbing,lifting objects
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewithvaluesranging
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
from0to100.Thepatients’scoresfortheTotalExerciseConfidencescaleand the subscales were
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,suchasmeansandSDs(see
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
thestudynarrative; Waltzetal.,2017).
r r r r r r r
StatisticsforNursing r r
r ResearchAWorkbook r r
forEvidence-Based
r r
r Practice3rdEdition
r r
r SusanGroveDaisha
r r
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded r r r r r r
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of r
1
r r
Measurement:Nominal, r r
r Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio r r r
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
r r r r r r r
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
rationale for your answer.
r r r r
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
probably developedto be exhaustive forthisstudy andincluded the categories ofdrugsthesubjectswere
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than one
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured at the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
ordinallevel becausetheycannot berankordered,since nodrugcategory can be considered more or less
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,2019).
r r r r r r r r r r r r
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
your answer.
r r
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
sample.
r
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
r r r r r r r r r
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
2017).
r
4. Researchersusedthefollowingitemtomeasureregisterednurses’(RNs)incomeinastudy:What r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
categoryidentifies your currentincomeasan RN?
r r r r r r r r
a. Lessthan$50,000
r r r
b. $50,000to59,999
r r r
c. $60,000to69,999
r r r
d. $70,000to80,000
r r r
e. $80,000orgreater
r r r
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
rules outlined inFigure 1-1? Provide arationalefor your answer.
r r r r r r r r r r r
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- riesare
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
exhaustive,rangingfromlessthan$50,000togreaterthan$80,000.Thetwoopen-ended
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
AG1-1 r
,AG1-2 r Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded r r r r r r
categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.Thecategories arenotexclusive,sincecatego-ries (d) r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto greater than $80,000,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray,2019; Waltzetal.,2017).
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer.
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be attheinterval level
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
ofmeasurement(Grayetal.,2017;Waltzetal.,2017).
r r r r r r r r r r
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
cardiac patientsinthisstudy? Provide arationalefor your answer.
r r r r r r r r r r r
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of this
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
result.
r
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater r r r r r r r r r r r r r
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
mightbediagnosed andtreatedasneeded.
r r r r r r r
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
(%).
r
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula:
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
r(group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size)
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
× 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
clinical practice?
r r
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, steady-
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusofcardiac patients.
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
r r r r r r AG 1-3 r
10. How wasexerciseconfidencemeasuredinthisstudy? What wasthelevel ofmeasurementfor the
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Exercise confidence ofthe patients with heart failure(HF)in thisstudy was measuredwiththe
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
Exercise Confidence Scalethatincludedfoursubscales focusedonwalking,climbing,lifting objects
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewithvaluesranging
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
from0to100.Thepatients’scoresfortheTotalExerciseConfidencescaleand the subscales were
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,suchasmeansandSDs(see
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
thestudynarrative; Waltzetal.,2017).
r r r r r r r
