Approaches that focus on nation-state identity assume that cultural boundaries match political
boundaries. Thus, to argue that the nation-state is the nation-state is the major source of identity
assumes that each nation-state represents a single cultural tradition.
HOFSTEDE’S RESEARCH
Individualism-collectivism: from loosely structured to tightly integrated
Masculinity-femininity: how a culture’s dominant values are assertive or nurturing
Power distance: distribution of influence within a culture
Uncertainty avoidance: culture’s tolerance of ambiguity and acceptance of risk
Long term orientation vs short term orientation
Indulgence vs self restraint
CRITICISM
- Nations are not good units for studying cultures
- Small sample
- Old and outdated bc cultures evolve
TROMPENAARS AND HAMPDEN-TURNER DIMENSIONS
Universalism vs particularism
- Universalist cultures place importance on laws, rules, values, obligations, to treat people
fairly and follow accepted rules
- Particularist cultures follow the dictates of each circumstance and relationship
Individualism vs communitarianism
Specific vs diffuse
- In specific cultures, people keep work and personal lives separate
- In diffuse cultures, people see work and personal as overlapping
Neutral vs emotional
- Neutral, great care to control emotions, reason>feelings
- Emotional, spontaneous emotional expressions are accepted and welcomed
Achievement vs ascription
- Achievement-oriented cultures believe you are what we do, an individual is judged
accordingly. Performance is valued over identity
- Ascription-oriented cultures, title, position, power influence how others perceive you
Sequential vs synchronous time
- Sequential time values planning and staying on schedule
- Synchronous time, people work on multiple projects at once and time is flexible
Internal vs outer direction
- Like internal vs external locus of control
- Internally directed cultures believe they can control their environment and nature to
achieve their goals
boundaries. Thus, to argue that the nation-state is the nation-state is the major source of identity
assumes that each nation-state represents a single cultural tradition.
HOFSTEDE’S RESEARCH
Individualism-collectivism: from loosely structured to tightly integrated
Masculinity-femininity: how a culture’s dominant values are assertive or nurturing
Power distance: distribution of influence within a culture
Uncertainty avoidance: culture’s tolerance of ambiguity and acceptance of risk
Long term orientation vs short term orientation
Indulgence vs self restraint
CRITICISM
- Nations are not good units for studying cultures
- Small sample
- Old and outdated bc cultures evolve
TROMPENAARS AND HAMPDEN-TURNER DIMENSIONS
Universalism vs particularism
- Universalist cultures place importance on laws, rules, values, obligations, to treat people
fairly and follow accepted rules
- Particularist cultures follow the dictates of each circumstance and relationship
Individualism vs communitarianism
Specific vs diffuse
- In specific cultures, people keep work and personal lives separate
- In diffuse cultures, people see work and personal as overlapping
Neutral vs emotional
- Neutral, great care to control emotions, reason>feelings
- Emotional, spontaneous emotional expressions are accepted and welcomed
Achievement vs ascription
- Achievement-oriented cultures believe you are what we do, an individual is judged
accordingly. Performance is valued over identity
- Ascription-oriented cultures, title, position, power influence how others perceive you
Sequential vs synchronous time
- Sequential time values planning and staying on schedule
- Synchronous time, people work on multiple projects at once and time is flexible
Internal vs outer direction
- Like internal vs external locus of control
- Internally directed cultures believe they can control their environment and nature to
achieve their goals
