LEO Assessment #2 Exam With 100% Correct Answers

Responsibilities of Medical Examiner include: - ANS • Determine cause of death • Determine manner of death • Obtain positive identification • Provide expert testimony in court Operation and staffing of the Office of the Medical Examiner and the capabilities of the office. - ANS ♦ OME is a subsidiary of the Utah Department of Health and has statewide jurisdiction OME Staff Positions • Forensic Pathologists • Deputy Medical Examiners • Investigators • Forensic Anthropology Consultants • Forensic Odontology Consultants Who can pronounce someone dead? - ANS Any reasonable person Who can sign a death certificate? - ANS A physician licensed to practice in the state of Utah Attended/Unattended deaths - ANS • Attended death is a death which results from natural causes and where the physician has seen the patient within the last 30 days • A regular physician may sign the death certificate on an attended death • All other cases are considered unattended and must be reported to the Medical Examiner Appropriate and inappropriate activities by officer on the scene of a dead body: - ANS When an officer arrives at the scene and a death has been determined, all activity involving the body should cease • Officers should not allow movement, cleansing, viewing by family or other activities that will interfere with the investigation • Appropriate activities, such as viewing by family, may be allowed after the on-scene investigation is concluded Officer responsibilities at the scene of a dead body: - ANS Initial duties: • If the death appears to be natural, question family, friends, witnesses and look for medications that will establish medical history • Contact the attending physician and determine whether they will sign the death certificate Determine what the "scene" is Secure and restrict unnecessary movements and contamination Obtain statements from the people present Secure and preserve evidence Extra officer responsibilities at the scene of a dead body: - ANS • An attended death may be released to the mortuary of the family's choosing and need not be reported to OME • All other cases must be reported • If you have any doubts or questions, call OME for assistance• For most cases that are under the jurisdiction of the Medical Examiner, an OME investigator will respond to the scene Initial responding officer should wait for the OME investigator before collecting or processing evidence • OME is entitled to the body and anything associated with the body • This evidence must be viewed in its original state for documentation and assessment of what occurred • The death scene is a joint jurisdictional investigation and the needs of all parties must be satisfied Considerations for evidence collection from a dead body: - ANS ♦ Physical evidence on the body should be preserved for the forensic pathologist to see in its place of discovery • It will be collected during the OME examination Hair, fiber, fingernails, clothing, Code "R" sexual assault at the request of the investigating agency, and trace evidence will be collected and released to law enforcement investigators for further forensic examination Gunshot Residue (GSR) test • GSR tests are no longer routinely performed on gunshot wound victims • GSR tests will only be conducted at the specific request of the investigating law enforcement agency and released to a representative of the agency for disposition • In all homicide or suspicious death cases, the victim's hands should be covered with paper bags prior to transport to protect trace evidence. NEVER use plastic bags. When visual identification of a dead body not possible by family or through proper identification: - ANS • Severe traumatic injury or decomposition changes may prohibit visual identification • The deceased will then be positively identified through scientific means such as fingerprints, dental x-rays or DNA comparison • Except under exigent circumstances, family or friends should not be used at the scene to identify the body Fingerprinting at the scene for identification may only be done with the knowledge and consent of the OME representative: - ANS • In most cases, there is no problem with this procedure • Homicide victims or suspected homicide victims should not be fingerprinted at the scene because of contamination of trace evidence • Complete fingerprinting will be done during the OME examination (Can also identify by tattoos, jewelry) Considerations for toxicology sampling: - ANS ♦ Specimens for toxicology are collected on all OME jurisdiction cases Samples for testing include blood, urine, vitreous (fluid from the eyeball), liver and bile Testing determined by nature of the case • Testing for alcohol, abused drugs and prescription medications is routine • Most toxicology is performed at the State Health Dept. Laboratory Certain poisons and other substances must be sent to other facilities for testing Common postmortem changes: - ANS ♦ Rigor mortis (stiffening of muscles) Livor mortis (pooling of blood) Algor mortis (cooling of core ) Decomposition Skeletonization Changes are affected by the environment around the body • Temperature may accelerate or delay onset of these changes Blunt force injuries - ANS • Laceration • Contusion • Abrasion • Patterned injuries Sharp force injuries - ANS • Stab • Incised • Puncture • Chop Gunshot wounds - three classifications, determined by range of fire - ANS • Contact • Intermediate • Indeterminate Characteristics of entrance and exit gunshot wounds - ANS • Margin of abrasion, bullet wipe • Soot deposit • Stellate laceration • Stippling, or powder tattooing • Beveling of bone • Skin tags Antemortem/ premortem - ANS before the time of death Perimortem - ANS Around the time of death Postmortem - ANS After death Indications of suicide and the importance of documentation: - ANS * Statements by decedent to others Notes or documents Previous gestures or attempts Physical evidence Departure from usual behavior patterns Insurance issues/family perceptions Indications of overdose: - ANS ♦ Accident/Suicide/Undetermined Illicit drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine Prescription medication Drugs, paraphernalia with residue and medications will accompany the body to OME for accounting and toxicology Toxicology determines what substances are present and the levels of each Infant death factors: - ANS ♦ Natural/Abuse Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) • SIDS is a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring autopsy and scene investigation • SIDS deaths usually occur between the ages of 1 month and 1 year • Deaths under or over these ages usually result from disease, congenital defect or trauma Accidental deaths: - ANS 1. Drug related 2. Asphyxia 3. Trauma 4. Thermal injury 5. Electrocution 6. Falls 7. Industrial 8. Gunshot 9. Autoerotic Describe types of cases which present a potential hazard to the investigator at the scene: - ANS ♦ Bio-hazard Carbon Monoxide Cyanide Asphyxia Chemical spill Officer attitude when investigating a dead body: - ANS ♦ Officers should be suspicious, but not paranoid • Take copious notes and photos • Inexperienced officers tend to be nervous or hesitant • Sometimes this translates to overreaction or a cavalier attitude When is death investigation complete: - ANS When it has been faithfully documented in a report Four primary levels of law enforcement problems likely to be encountered while off-duty: - ANS ♦ Minor situations where intervention is not required Non-emergency situations such as an incident occurring in the law enforcement officer's neighborhood, best handled by an on-duty law enforcement officer Emergency situations requiring law enforcement intervention, best handled by summoning on-duty law enforcement assistance Situations requiring immediate response, when the off-duty law enforcement officer has no choice other than to take action Officer's mindset and responsibility as it relates to off duty procedure: - ANS ♦ Stay abreast of new methods, studies, procedures, practices, court decisions, and dynamic tactics to perform their duties Maintain a survival attitude at all times Unknown subjects: - ANS ♦ Physically impaired persons may give a law enforcement officer a false sense of security, exposing them to additional possibilities of serious bodily injury or death Emotionally disturbed persons (EDP's) may, without provocation, become a threat to an officer Members of extremist political groups may view a law enforcement officer as a threat to their way of life, and attempt to cause serious bodily injury or death to the law enforcement officer Officer equipment when off-duty: - ANS ♦ It is recommended the following items be carried by officers off-duty whenever feasible: • Weapon with extra magazine/ammunition • Handcuffs Flex or regular • Police identification and badge • Cell phone Always defer to department policy and procedure when armed off-duty • Most department policy and procedure allows discretion to be used when an officer decides to be armed off-duty. This allows officers to use good judgment when consuming alcohol or taking medications that may cause impairment. Danger of off-duty response: - ANS ♦ Complacency Intervening without possessing needed equipment such as, firearm, handcuffs, etc. Failing to temper their sense of duty with sound judgment When off-duty, the officer's style of dress may identify their law enforcement affiliation causing them to be recognized as a threat to the criminal Consideration should be given to how officers carry their driver license and credit cards. A visible wallet badge may again tip off the criminal element placing the off-duty officer at a disadvantage. Avoiding friendly fire in off-duty response: - ANS Get a message to the local dispatcher outlining the circumstance and providing a physical description of yourself If the situation occurred within a business, attempt to control access until identifiable law enforcement officers arrive If possible, take a position where you can see responding law enforcement officers Be prepared to obey a responding on-duty officer's commands Survival attitude when responding to a situation while off-duty: - ANS ♦ Have a survival state of mind Formulate a plan of action • Summoning on-duty assistance • Identifying escape routes • Finding cover and concealment • Protecting family members who may be with you Drivers make conscious adjustments in acceleration and deceleration habits based on the following criteria: - ANS Engine responsiveness due to gearing and power Traction conditions - Dry or wet, surface condition Roadway characteristics and design - hills, straight, curves Acceptable strategies and methods for acceleration listed below: - ANS Acceleration and deceleration should be smooth rather than rough, sudden or aggressive Acceleration or deceleration should be in direct relationship to the vehicle's intended path of travel Acceptable strategies for deceleration - ANS Threshold braking is defined as - A technique used to stop a vehicle in the most efficient way without locking up the wheels Trail braking is defined as - A method of applying brake pressure after entering a turn allowing for a less abrupt and more accurate corner speed adjustment If the vehicle is entering a spin, the driver should release the throttle and smoothly steer in the direction the back end has begun to spin Over steer - ANS Occurs when the rear tires exceed the slip angles of the front tires, thus causing the rear of the vehicle to move in the direction of the outside corner Under steer - ANS Occurs when the vehicle's front tires have less traction during cornering than the rear tires Hand Positioning on steering wheel: - ANS 9 and 3 Three types of corners common to highway design are: - ANS Constant radius - requires constant, consistent steering Increasing radius - requires sharp to gradual steering Decreasing radius - requires gradual, then sharper steering Cornering methods: - ANS Scan 12 seconds ahead and evaluate the conditions of the approaching corner Ensure lane position adjustments occur before arriving at the corner, positioning to outside avoiding oncoming lanes Depending on the approach speed, braking may not be necessary. Speed control can be acquired through deceleration, "threshold braking" or "trail braking" Have speed under control before entering the corner to avoid heavy braking while steering Effects emotions may have on the body while driving an emergency vehicle include: - ANS • Increased heart rate and blood pressure • Increased respiratory rate • Muscle tension Emotions can have a distracting effect on driving to include: - ANS • Distorted or slowed ability to interpret or predict events • Impaired judgment • Fine motor skills reduced affecting precisely timed skills (steering, braking, etc.) Dimmed or blind powers of observation Some reasons why emotions can be positive in determining driving behavior are: - ANS • Reasoned fear of crash or legal consequences may restrain unsafe tendencies • Love for family and friends motivates drivers to safer driving SIPDE (driving emergency vehicle) - ANS • S - Search and scan (keep your eyes moving at all times to effectively see imminent danger) • I - Identify hazards, identify what's happening (road-way features and problems) • P - Predict which hazards could potentially come into conflict with vehicle operation Predict 2 things • Worst case scenario • Actions • D - Decide on a safe action (decide on something to do should the dog run across the road) • E - Execute a safe action; use communication Psychological factors that affect the driver during an emergency response: - ANS ♦ Aggressiveness - An emotional display of energy that generally impairs judgment • Common characteristics of aggressive behavior are: Over confidence Self-righteousness Impatience Assertiveness - Usually a show of confidence in knowing the skills that have been taught will be successfully applied to the safe operation of an emergency vehicle Factors that affect the use of lights and sirens are: - ANS • Various weather conditions Fog Snow Rain Clear days - siren audibility tends to dissipate into the atmosphere on a clear day • Vehicular traffic conditions • Location - residential vs. rural • Emergency vehicle travel speed As the speed increases, the effective distance the siren is heard decreases • The use of lights and sirens affect the drivers behavior by: Development of tunnel vision Loss of speed reference Creation of a false sense of security The responsibility for a safe emergency response rests solely with the driver The following factors shall be considered before an officer engages in a pursuit: - ANS • Is the danger/risk of the pursuit (to include the public, officer, and the suspect) greater than the danger/risk in delayed apprehension of the suspect • "Balance test" means that a law enforcement officer shall act as a reasonably prudent emergency vehicle operator in like circumstances while making an ongoing decision process to analyze the risk of initiating, continuing, and terminating pursuit given the following considerations: the need to apprehend a fugitive who presents a danger to others because the serious and violent nature of the crime for which the fugitive is sought or because the fugitive's driving presents a threat to the public safety that may outweigh the risks that a pursuit poses to others; and the need to avoid pursuit if the threat of public or officer safety is greater than the need for immediately apprehending the suspect • Road conditions - weather, construction • Time of day When a pursuit is terminated and the suspect is present, a high-risk stop or "felony stop" should be conducted • When feasible, back-up officers should coordinate their response with the initial officer utilizing tactics that provide the officer a tactical advantage (such as bringing suspects back to avoid leaving cover) Use of a police service dog or special less-than-lethal options can be considered when suspects refuse to exit vehicle Case law, principles of liability governing emergency driving, and Administrative Rule R728-503 - ANS ♦ Negligence - The failure to use reasonable care • Drivers, including officers, may be held civilly liable if they are found to be negligent while causing injuries to others Utah gives officers a limited exemption from certain traffic laws for emergency driving. This exemption recognizes the social importance of rapid response and apprehension of fleeing criminals. • Any driving at high-speed increases the risk and likelihood of injury to all parties involved (public, officers, and suspect) • The risk of injury is weighed against the need for quick response and arrest of violators Day v. State of Utah - ANS This case involved a pursuit of a vehicle for speeding, which resulted in the suspect crashing into another vehicle killing an innocent driver. From this case the following "standard of due care" factors are used by a court to consider when a third party is injured during a pursuit or emergency response: Density of traffic and population; area is urban or rural Did the incident occur on a freeway (limited access) or city streets with stop signs and street lights Presence of school zones and pedestrians Weather, visibility and road condition Urgency of apprehending the fleeing suspect If the suspect escapes, is the threat greater than the potential harm of pursuit County of Sacramento v. Lewis, - ANS Police were pursuing a motorcycle with a passenger when the motorcycle crashed. Pursuing officers struck and killed the passenger. From this case, it was determined that only the abuses of government power that rise to the level of "shock the conscience of the court" will be considered Due process allows considerable deference to the officer's judgment in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving State of Utah v. Redding, 2004 - ANS A deputy was responding as backup in 2002 without emergency equipment activated. The deputy was traveling 71 mph in a 40 mph and collided with another vehicle, killing the passenger. In this case, the deputy was charged and convicted of negligent homicide after a criminal jury trial Brower v. Inyo County, 1989 - ANS Deputies were involved in a pursuit in which a road block was set up on a blind corner not giving the suspect notice before a collision took place From this case it was determined that the Fourth Amendment applies stating that a seizure must be reasonable The Fourth Amendment standard of reasonableness is not conducive to "precise definition or mechanical application" Scott v. Harris - ANS Deputies were involved in a pursuit when the suspect struck a police cruiser, then drove through a business area with pedestrian traffic. Deputy Scott rammed the vehicle causing it to lose control resulting in a crash that left the suspect quadriplegic. This case was ruled on by the US Supreme Court. In judging whether Scott's actions were reasonable, the risk of bodily harm that Scott's actions posed to Harris need to be considered and weighed against the threat to the public. The balance test was applied in this case and it was apparent from the video tape that Harris posed an "actual and imminent threat to the lives of any pedestrians who might have been present, to other civilian motorists, and to the officers involved in the chase." It was equally clear that the Deputy's actions posed a high likelihood of serious injury or death to the respondent - though not the near "certainty" of death posed by, say, shooting a fleeing felon in the back of the head The Utah Minimum Standards for All Emergency Pursuit Policy - Administrative Rule R728-503 authorized by 41-6a-212 (5) - ANS This rule establishes minimum standards for all emergency pursuit policies to be adopted by public agencies authorized to operate authorized emergency pursuit vehicles Neglect - ANS abandonment of a child, except as provided in Title 62A-4a-8; lack of proper parental care of a child by reason of the fault or habits of the parent, guardian, or custodian; failure or refusal of a parent, guardian, or custodian to provide proper or necessary for the child's health, safety, morals, or well-being; or a child at risk of being neglected or abused because another child in the same home is neglected or abused (INV 2040) Abuse - ANS Non-accidental harm of a child, threatening harm of a child, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse (INV 2040) Reporting requirements for neglected or abused children - ANS When any person has reason to believe that a child has been subjected to abuse, neglect, or who observes a child being subjected to conditions or circumstances which would reasonably result in abuse or neglect, that a person shall immediately notify the nearest peace officer, law enforcement agency, or office of the division of family services (INV 2040) Exceptions to the reporting requirements for neglected or abused children - ANS Reporting requirements do not apply to clergyman/priest, without the consent of the person making the confession, with regard to any confession made to the clergyman in their professional duties; When a clergyman receives information about abuse/neglect from any source OTHER THAN confession of the perpetrator, the clergyman is required to give notification; exemption of notification for clergyman DOES NOT exempt them from any other efforts required by law to prevent further abuse or neglect (INV 2040) Peace Officer responsibility upon notification of a suspected case of child neglect/child abuse - ANS On receipt of notice, the officer shall immediately notify the nearest office of the division for family services. If an initial report of child abuse/neglect is made to the division, the division shall immediately notify the appropriate LE agency. The division shall, in addition to its own investigation, comply with & lend support to investigations by LE. (INV 2040) Officer's authority in taking an abused or neglected child into custody - ANS A minor may be taken into custody by a peace officer without order of the court if the minor is seriously endangered in the minor's surroundings; or seriously endangers others; and immediate removal appears to be necessary for the minor's protection of the protection of others. (INV 2040) Restrictions on entering a home to take a child into custody - ANS A peace officer/child welfare worker may not enter the home of a child who is not under the jurisdiction of the court, remove a child from the child's home or school, or take a child into protective custody UNLESS: 1) exigent circumstances exist sufficient to relieve the requirement to obtain a warrant, 2) a warrant is obtained, 3) court order is obtained after the parent/guardian of the child is given notice and an opportunity to be heard OR the consent of the child's parent/guardian is obtained (INV 2040) Requirements for placing a child taken into custody for shelter care - ANS - Minor may not be placed in a secure detention facility pending court proceedings unless it is unsafe to leave the minor with the parents/guardian/custodian and the minor is detainable based on Division of Juvenile Justice Services guidelines - A child who must be taken from the home, but does not require physical restriction, shall be given temporary care in a shelter but may NOT be placed in a detention facility - May not be placed in a shelter pending court proceedings unless it is unsafe to leave the child with the parents/guardian - After admission to a detention facility, the judge or officer shall order the release of the child to the parents/guardian if it is found the child can be safely returned to their care - When child/minor is detained in a detention facility, the parents & minor shall be informed that the minor has the right to a prompt hearing to determine whether the minor will be detained further or released - A minor may not be held in a detention facility longer than 48 hours prior to hearing, unless the court has entered an order for continued detention -A child may not be held in a shelter longer than 48 hours prior to hearing, unless a court order for extended shelter has been entered after notice to all parties (INV 2040) Conditions that allow protective custody of a child by a physician - ANS - Reason to believe the child's safety is endangered - Custody not to exceed 72 hours without court order - Immediately notify DCFS (Division of Child & Family Services) - Document the grounds for which the child was taken into custody and the nature and necessity for any medical care given (INV 2040) Authority to obtain photographic evidence of child neglect/abuse - ANS Any physician, surgeon, medical examiner, peace officer, LE official, or public health official may take photos of the areas of trauma visible on a child and, if medically indicated, perform radiological examinations - Photos may be taken of the premises or objects relevant to the reported circumstances - Photos, XRays, med records pertinent to an investigation shall be made available to the division, LE officials, and court (INV 2040) Reporting procedure for death associated to child neglect/abuse - ANS - Any person who has reason to believe a child has died of abuse/neglect shall report that fact to the local LE agency, who shall report to the county/district attorney & medical examiner (ME) - After receiving a report, the ME shall investigate & report their findings to police, the county/district attorney, attorney generals office, the division, & to the hospital making the report (INV 2040) Requirement to act in "good faith" & "without malice" to avoid civil & criminal liability - ANS Any person, official, institution participating in good faith in making a report, taking photos or Xrays, assisting an investigator from the division, serving as a member of a child protection team, or taking a child into protective custody, is immune from any liability, civil or criminal, that otherwise might result by reason of those actions. (INV 2040) Examples of neglect/abuse evidence - ANS - Report by child - Living conditions -Bruising -Broken bones - Injuries in various stages of healing (INV 2040) Elements of safe harbor law involving a mother of a child who wishes to give up the child without any legal recourse or disclosing identity - ANS If newborn is found & believed to be abandoned the police officer should: - Immediately take the newborn to the nearest hospital if medical services are needed and contact DCFS. Explain that the infant was voluntarily abandoned with/without abuse/neglect issues - If infant in NOT in need of medical services, call DCFS immediately & wait for them to come to you & provide the following info: infant's condition, location of infant, known abuse/neglect, immediate needs of the infant - Once DCFS has arrived & taken custody of the infant, DO NOT attempt to contact or identify the mother unless there are abuse/neglect issues - Unless identifying information relating to the non-relinquishing parent of the newborn child has been provided, the DCFS shall work with LE & BCI in an effort to ensure that the newborn child has not been identified as a missing child (INV 2040) Techniques in identifying the common signs of sexually related crimes & abuse involving CHILDREN include: - ANS - Child tells stories of sexual abuse - Child reports sexual activity - Child displays sudden fear of strangers, relative, sitter - Child displays change in behavior at school or with friends - Child complains of pain, itching, discharge, swelling, bruises, bleeding or starts to walk differently (INV 2010) Proper protocol while conducting an INITIAL investigation of sex crimes involving CHILDREN: - ANS - Ensure safety of child (determine if immediate intervention is required, if not interview regarding specifics) - ID suspect - Locate, preserve, & collect evidence - Summon Dept Special Victim's Unit (SVU), if available (INV 2010) Proper protocol while conducting a FOLLOW-UP investigation of sex crimes involving CHILDREN: - ANS - Assist SVU detective - Proper processing of evidence - Additional suspects & victims - All necessary paperwork to ensure successful prosecution (INV 2010) Techniques in identifying the common signs of ADULT sex crimes and abuse: - ANS - Trauma (physical & emotional) - Sleep pattern disturbances - Eating pattern disturbances - Life style affected (physical, psychological, social, sexual) (INV 2010) Proper protocol while conducting an INITIAL investigation of ADULT sex crimes/abuse - ANS - Ensure victim safety - Victim interview (SVU) - ID suspect, statement, evidence (medical, physical/forensic, electronic - recorded messages, instant messaging, emails, photos, video) (INV 2010) Proper protocol while conducting an FOLLOW-UP investigation of ADULT sex crimes/abuse - ANS - Suspect interview (confession, arrest, additional suspects/victims) - Victim - resources, support, preparation for court (INV 2010) Techniques in identifying the common signs of ELDERLY sex related crimes/abuse - ANS - Physical - bruising, injuries to genitals & breasts, pain, itching, discharge, swelling - Disclosure - Sudden fear of relative, care giver, associate - Withdrawal - refusal to engage in conversation, isolation - Adult Protective Services (APS) referral - Home visits - Care facility staff (INV 2010) Proper protocol while conducting an INITIAL investigation of ELDERLY sex crimes - ANS - Ensure victim safety - SVU notification - Victim interview - suspect ID, evidence, statement) - Witness statements - care givers, individuals with access, eye witness (INV 2010) Proper protocol while conducting an FOLLOW-UP investigation of ELDERLY sex crimes - ANS - Secure evidence - Prepare for prosecution (consider if victim is willing/able to testify) - Victim/family resources - Restoration of victim dignity and self worth (INV 2010) Factors that influence overall stopping distance of a vehicle, to include: - ANS Vehicle conditions • Brake system • Tires Road condition • Asphalt • Concrete • Gravel • Dirt Weather condition • Snow • Rain • Ice Speed Operator condition • Impaired • Distracted Common accident scene hazards, to include: - ANS ♦ Fuel spills Hazardous cargo Vehicle fires Moving traffic Blood/bodily fluids Power poles, cracked or sheared/downed power lines Unstable vehicles Debris Materials necessary to complete the investigation of traffic accidents, to include: - ANS ♦ Measuring tape Roll-O-Meter Traffic cones Flares Calculator or nomographs Diagram forms Accident report forms Road chalk/paint Camera/tripod Accident template Witness statement forms Circumstances that may allow the movement of vehicles from an accident scene, to include: - ANS ♦ Minor damage No injuries Dangerous traffic conditions Circumstances that would not allow vehicles to be moved until a thorough investigation is completed at an accident scene, to include: - ANS ♦ Death involved Serious injuries • Possible extrication Extensive property damage Identify the proper steps in performing a skid test as follows: - ANS ♦ Vehicle in proper condition Surface in question adjacent to the scene Known speed Panic stop Measure distance Drag factors are used with suspect skid marks to determine minimum speeds Different types of skid marks to include: - ANS ♦ Side skid Locked wheel skid Impending skid Centrifugal skid Acceleration skid Different methods of measuring skid marks using the following: - ANS ♦ Measuring tape Roll-O-Meter Identification of the "fade" portion of the skid • Fade is the early or beginning portion of a skid mark that is the first part of the mark to disappear. Newton's laws: - ANS ♦ Newton's First Law of Motion • Every object remains in a state of rest or uniform motion (constant velocity) unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force Newton's Second Law of Motion • A body of mass m subject to a force F undergoes an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass, i.e., F = ma Newton's Third Law of Motion • States, for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction Proper method for protecting an accident scene - ANS ♦ First priority of initial officer on scene is to provide scene protection to help prevent the crash scene from becoming worse Use of patrol vehicle to provide protection from oncoming traffic Use of cones/flares • Cone patterns to maximize scene safety Accident scenes are to be treated like crime scenes • Protect evidence most logical points to stop/alter traffic - ANS ♦ Where natural gaps occur Behind slow moving vehicles Others Routing traffic around the accident scene Do not create "islands" or split traffic around an accident scene proper hand and arm signals - ANS ♦ Start traffic Stop traffic Speed up traffic Slow down traffic Vehicle damage estimates: - ANS ♦ Cosmetic damage Structural damage following skills needed to process an accident scene. - ANS ♦ Photographing an accident scene Conducting an inventory of an accident victim's personal property Obtain information regarding an accident victim's injury status Proper methods of evidence collection at an accident scene characteristics of a hit and run accident to include: - ANS ♦ Absence of operator Absence of witnesses Paint transfers Physical evidence Factors relating to use of deadly force: - ANS ♦ Training and Experience • Life experience • Training experience • Job experience • Present and/or past knowledge • Federal and State law • Department policies and procedures • Equipment available Officer/Subject Factors • Age • Sex • Body size • Skill level • Fitness level • Multiple officers/subjects Special Circumstances: • Close proximity to a firearm/weapon • Injury or exhaustion • Ground position • Disability • Imminent danger two intended goals when using the impact weapon: - ANS ♦ To demonstrate a show of force to prevent a physical altercation from occurring To stop a physical altercation (not amounting to deadly force) as soon as possible using only that amount of force deemed reasonable and necessary why the impact weapon is not to be used as a control technique to the throat/neck area. A minimum explanation will include: - ANS ♦ The impact weapon is not sensitive to the pressure applied It may cause serious injury or death (spine, carotid artery, vagus nerve, esophagus, trachea) preferred target areas of the human body when using the impact weapon and explain why the following targets are preferred: - ANS ♦ Lower legs • Easiest to strike • Most difficult to defend • Hampers mobility Arms and/or hands • Prevent the subject from striking the officer identify the non-preferred strike areas of the human body and explain why the following areas are non-preferred: - ANS *Head • May bleed excessively • Possibly ineffective by numbing the senses • May cause serious bodily injury or death • Easy to defend against • Looks bad to the public Neck/throat area • Easy to defend against • May cause serious bodily injury or death • An impact weapon is not sensitive to pressure Back/spinal area • May cause paralysis (serious bodily injury) Groin area • May cause serious injury • May not be effective • May cause serious bodily injury or death What angle should the impact weapon be swung at? - ANS the impact weapon should be swung at either a 45 degree or 90 degree angle while striking with the last three (3) inches of the impact weapon. Two positions to hold the impact weapon: - ANS Upper cradle or two hand low defense philosophy and criteria a Patrol Interdiction Team (P.I.T.) is based upon, to include: - ANS ♦ A rapid deployment of patrol officers Interdicts and saves human lives An immediate patrol response to interdict and resolve "in-progress" calls where no other options are readily available P.I.T. is not a S.W.A.T. team. It is only used to resolve an immediate life threatening crisis Develops teamwork, tactics, and firearms skills for patrol officers to resolve an in-progress critical incident components of a P.I.T. response: - ANS ♦ Preplanning critical incident resolution Determining P.I.T. deployment / traditional response Emergency planning Decision making Officer tactics Team tactics Communication Unity of effort Firearms skills important elements of preplanning a P.I.T. program: - ANS ♦ Policy Training Identification of possible target locations Prevention Incident Command factors to be considered when contemplating a P.I.T. response: - ANS ♦ Proceeding loss of life Imminent life threatening crisis Insufficient time for traditional response Priorities • Stopping the suspects' actions • Rescuing victims • Apprehending the suspects Advantages • The ability to rapidly deploy officers to confront and neutralize the suspects/threats • To quickly contain and isolate the suspects from potential victims • Rescue wounded and/or evacuate potential victims Disadvantages • Officers receive minimum information regarding suspect's description, actions, weapons, or the environment where the situation is occurring • Specialized weapons and ballistic protection may not be available or may be left behind • Heavy radio traffic will interfere with communications Expectations • Situation Multiple victims Numerous people throughout the danger area and inner perimeter Audio and visual impairments, such as screaming, radio blaring, explosions, fire alarms, smoke, poor lighting, and darkness Gunfire from multiple locations Activated sprinkler systems Improvised explosive devices Carnage and chaos • Victims Potential victims fleeing and hiding Hysteria when you encounter people Varying degree of injuries • Responders Shaking, sweaty hands Increased heart rate Increased respirations or holding one's breath Dry mouth Loss of peripheral vision Reduced auditory ability Loss of fine motor skills Fear Intense physical and mental stress • Consequences Self doubt Grief, anguish, and anger by the survivors and relatives of victims Intense media contact Review by "tactical experts" who were not there and may not know all the facts Duties of the first responding patrol officer in a P.I.T. situation: - ANS ♦ Establish a command post Gather emergency intelligence Make proper and timely decisions Identify available staffing Make assignments Establish communications Initiate a plan Establish location for staging of additional arriving officers pertinent information (emergency intelligence) to be gathered immediately to determine an appropriate response, to include during an immediate threat response: - ANS ♦ Type of problem Is it actively transpiring Are lives being taken How many suspects Type of weapons / explosives Number of people in danger Suspects' location Command post location Safe route for responding officers Mental attitude during a PIT situation: - ANS Winning vs. surviving Hunter vs. victim Order out of chaos Situation vs. additional gear Decision maker, not an order taker Teamwork is superior to individual effort Physical control during a PIT situation: - ANS Controlled breathing Fatigue Life priority changes from self to the following during a PIT situation: - ANS • Victims • Innocents, other than victims • Officers • Suspects How to determine "Is a P.I.T. response necessary in this incident?" - ANS ♦ Do the risks outweigh the gains Is it legal and moral Contact teams assignments in PIT response: - ANS Make contact with suspects to: • Stop the taking of lives • Limit the suspects' movements • Prevent escapes • Communicate progress Rescue teams assignment in PIT response - ANS Remove victims and other innocent people from the scene Containment teams assignment in PIT response - ANS Contain the scene • Inner perimeter • Outer perimeter Command team response in PIT response - ANS Manage the incident & gather information • All resources are deployed or coordinated through the command post • Building information Layout Owner Posted fire evacuation plans Building keys Building contents • Situation Description of suspects & activities Information from • Victims • Friends • Relatives • School officer tactics required to function as a P.I.T. member, to include: - ANS ♦ Fundamental searching techniques Firearm selection and capability Firearm expertise Shooting on the move Survival mindset define the following P.I.T. tactics: - ANS ♦ Field of observation / fire 360 degree coverage Move to contact Two person team Three person team Four person team "Y" formation Diamond formation "T" formation Vehicle assaults Vehicle deployments Internet phishing - ANS They pretend to be financial institutions or companies and send spam or pop-up messages to potential victims to get them to reveal personal information Burglary and Mail Theft - ANS • Suspects steal wallets and purses; mail, including bank and credit card statements; pre-approved credit offers; and new checks or tax information • They steal personnel records, or bribe employees who have access Discarded information/dumpster diving - ANS They rummage through trash looking for bills or other paper with personal information Skimming - ANS They steal credit/debit card numbers by using a special storage device when processing credit or debit cards Changing Your Address (Identity theft) - ANS They divert billing statements to another location by completing a change of address form Pre-texting (Identity theft) - ANS They use false pretenses to obtain personal information from financial institutions, telephone companies, and other sources Preventing identity theft: - ANS ♦ Give information on "need to know" basis Shred personal information prior to disposal Use password protection • Use unique passwords with numbers, letters, case sensitive • Change passwords frequently Avoid giving information when requested over the telephone • Check background on company before giving information • Get a call back name and number • Use caution shopping online or answering classified ads Use protected payment options Meet in person Vehicle inspection, mechanical conditions under the hood: - ANS • Fluids: brake, oil, transmission, radiator, battery, windshield wipers, power steering • Belts and hoses • Wires • Loose, worn, or broken items Vehicle inspection, interior conditions: - ANS • Brakes and emergency brake • Horn, P.A. system and siren • Gauges and warning devices • Windshield wipers • Occupant protection systems • Mirrors • Seat adjustment • Door locks Vehicle inspection, exterior conditions: - ANS • Tires: air pressure, tread, speed rating • Locks • Mirrors, windows • Headlights, tail lights, emergency lights, spotlight • Damage to the vehicle • Hood and door latches