CREMATION EXAM 1 & 2 STUDY GUIDE
Cremation - Answer -mechanical and/or thermal or other dissolution process that
reduces human remains to bone fragments includes the processing and usually
includes the pulverization of the bone fragments
Cremation (first evidence) - Answer -First evidence of fire used as a means of
disposition: circa 20,000-26,000 years ago: LM2 or the "Mungo Lady""botched"
cremation
Ancient Greeks - Answer -Circa 1000BCE in the Mycenaean Age through 350 BCE,
"fire burial" becomes an elaborate part of Grecian disposition; Cremation "sets the soul
free" to travel to the afterlife; Fallen soldiers get elaborate pyres; remaining bones
collected; easier to transport and entomb with honors
ANCIENT ROMANS - Answer -D27BCE to 395CE customs change with earth and fire
burial practiced; Romans developed grand columbaria; Practice becomes dominant in
first century after Christ
Constantine's Christianization of Europe - Answer -Cremation all but disappears for
next 1500 years or so except in cases of plague; Burial becomes accepted mode
Henry Laurens - Answer -1783-1st recorded pre-planned cremation; Charleston, SC;
1792-Died and his ashes interred at his estate (1st formal cremation in USA)
1873 - Answer -Origin of Modern Cremation; Professor Brunetti perfects his cremator
and displays it at Vienna Exposition(CANA
1874 - Answer -Sir Henry Thompson publishes Cremation: The treatment of the body
after death; Cremation is "a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of
disease"
BOOM - Answer -- 1963 until present
1963 - Answer -Ushers in the "Boom" era as Pope Paul VI ends the ban on Cremation
in Roman Catholic Church, cremation rate = 3.71%
1963 - Answer -Jessica Mitford publishes The American Way of Death
1971 - Answer -Telophase Society begins to offer "inexpensive" direct cremation; U.S.
Cremation rate = 4.78%
1977 - Answer -Neptune Society enters this market ; U.S. Cremation rate = 7.66%
,1981 - Answer -# of crematories approaching 500 and pop culture begins to influence
the "cremation" business; U.S. Cremation rate tops 10% for first time in history at
11.01%
1984 - Answer -FTC Funeral Rule enacted; U.S. Cremation rate = 13.06%
1994 - Answer -Revised Funeral Rule into effect; U.S. Cremation rate =20.66%
Funeral mass - Answer -- Vigil > mass> Cremation > memorial mass
Memorial Mass - Answer -- Cremation>Memorial>commital
1999 - Answer -Ashes of JFK jr. and his wife; scattered off coast of Martha's Vineyard;
U.S. Cremation rate = 25.04%
2008 - Answer -Comedian George Carlin dies and from a message posted on his
website CLEARLY EXPRESSES his wishes about cremation; U.S. Cremation rate =
35.9%
April 2016 - Answer -Prince cremated, cremation rate at or near 50%
Birth - Answer -- 1876 until 1896
LeMoyne Crematory - Answer -- first crematory in the untied states, built by Dr. Francis
LeMoyne. From 1876 until 1900 there were 42 cremations, It was built by John L. Dye
and might take all day to cremate a body with "imperfect combustion
1884 - Answer -2nd crematory in US Lancaster Crematorium; conceived by Dr. Miles
Davis; 1st Public crematory; Operated by a cremation society
Bricks and Mortar - Answer -- 1896 until 1963
1900 - Answer -20 Crematories (Cana Manual), Cremation rate at statistical 0% in USA
1913 - Answer -Dr. Hugo Erichson founded CREMATION ASSOCIATION OF
AMERICA
1975 - Answer -- Cremation Association of America becomes Cremation Association of
North America
Memorial Idea - Answer -1927-1977
started in cremeteries where the establishement of a memorial identity for each person
who lived and died was the most important part of the rite pf passage called death.
memorial idea tenets - Answer -*no cremation was complete without interment which
included:
, -memorial urn of imperishable material
-engraving of the memorial urn
-permanent placement of the memorial urn
cremulators - Answer -processors to reduce the consistency of cremated remains in
order to facilitate scattering.
added To facilitate an increase by consumers desiring to scatter cremated remains,
crematories since the 1960's
Turbulence - Answer -the design of a cremator provided
by a series of bafes or constrictions in
chambers; cause gas to change direction or
velocity mixing with O and completing combustion
Can reduce speed of gases thru the unit
• Prevents striation and allows gases to
properly mix in order to aid the
consummation of material prior to entering
the atmosphere
crematorium - Answer -The building that houses the cremation chamber(s).
It can be a building that serves this one function or a multi-purpose building that also
contains the administrative offices, mortuary prep.
Crematory - Answer -The building that houses the cremation chamber(s).
It can be a building that serves this one function or a multi-purpose building that also
contains the administrative offices, mortuary prep.
Cremator - Answer -The total mechanical unit for the cremation process. Inside it is
lined—top, sides, and bottom—with a heavy refractory tile or brick, with a layer of
insulation between the inside surface and the outside protective housing or casing.
cremators are Incinerators - Answer -Engineered apparatus capable of withstanding
heat and designed to efficiently reduce solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous waste at
specified rates, and from which the residues contain little or no combustion material
Classified by Incinerator Institute of America (IIA) as Class VI
Designed for Type 4,0 waste
INLINE STYLE - Answer -Cold Hearth
Lower loading heights
Gases flow front to back
Smaller secondary chamber
Less retention time for burning material
RETORT STYLE - Answer -Hot Hearth
Higher loading heights
Gases flow in baffled patter
Cremation - Answer -mechanical and/or thermal or other dissolution process that
reduces human remains to bone fragments includes the processing and usually
includes the pulverization of the bone fragments
Cremation (first evidence) - Answer -First evidence of fire used as a means of
disposition: circa 20,000-26,000 years ago: LM2 or the "Mungo Lady""botched"
cremation
Ancient Greeks - Answer -Circa 1000BCE in the Mycenaean Age through 350 BCE,
"fire burial" becomes an elaborate part of Grecian disposition; Cremation "sets the soul
free" to travel to the afterlife; Fallen soldiers get elaborate pyres; remaining bones
collected; easier to transport and entomb with honors
ANCIENT ROMANS - Answer -D27BCE to 395CE customs change with earth and fire
burial practiced; Romans developed grand columbaria; Practice becomes dominant in
first century after Christ
Constantine's Christianization of Europe - Answer -Cremation all but disappears for
next 1500 years or so except in cases of plague; Burial becomes accepted mode
Henry Laurens - Answer -1783-1st recorded pre-planned cremation; Charleston, SC;
1792-Died and his ashes interred at his estate (1st formal cremation in USA)
1873 - Answer -Origin of Modern Cremation; Professor Brunetti perfects his cremator
and displays it at Vienna Exposition(CANA
1874 - Answer -Sir Henry Thompson publishes Cremation: The treatment of the body
after death; Cremation is "a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of
disease"
BOOM - Answer -- 1963 until present
1963 - Answer -Ushers in the "Boom" era as Pope Paul VI ends the ban on Cremation
in Roman Catholic Church, cremation rate = 3.71%
1963 - Answer -Jessica Mitford publishes The American Way of Death
1971 - Answer -Telophase Society begins to offer "inexpensive" direct cremation; U.S.
Cremation rate = 4.78%
1977 - Answer -Neptune Society enters this market ; U.S. Cremation rate = 7.66%
,1981 - Answer -# of crematories approaching 500 and pop culture begins to influence
the "cremation" business; U.S. Cremation rate tops 10% for first time in history at
11.01%
1984 - Answer -FTC Funeral Rule enacted; U.S. Cremation rate = 13.06%
1994 - Answer -Revised Funeral Rule into effect; U.S. Cremation rate =20.66%
Funeral mass - Answer -- Vigil > mass> Cremation > memorial mass
Memorial Mass - Answer -- Cremation>Memorial>commital
1999 - Answer -Ashes of JFK jr. and his wife; scattered off coast of Martha's Vineyard;
U.S. Cremation rate = 25.04%
2008 - Answer -Comedian George Carlin dies and from a message posted on his
website CLEARLY EXPRESSES his wishes about cremation; U.S. Cremation rate =
35.9%
April 2016 - Answer -Prince cremated, cremation rate at or near 50%
Birth - Answer -- 1876 until 1896
LeMoyne Crematory - Answer -- first crematory in the untied states, built by Dr. Francis
LeMoyne. From 1876 until 1900 there were 42 cremations, It was built by John L. Dye
and might take all day to cremate a body with "imperfect combustion
1884 - Answer -2nd crematory in US Lancaster Crematorium; conceived by Dr. Miles
Davis; 1st Public crematory; Operated by a cremation society
Bricks and Mortar - Answer -- 1896 until 1963
1900 - Answer -20 Crematories (Cana Manual), Cremation rate at statistical 0% in USA
1913 - Answer -Dr. Hugo Erichson founded CREMATION ASSOCIATION OF
AMERICA
1975 - Answer -- Cremation Association of America becomes Cremation Association of
North America
Memorial Idea - Answer -1927-1977
started in cremeteries where the establishement of a memorial identity for each person
who lived and died was the most important part of the rite pf passage called death.
memorial idea tenets - Answer -*no cremation was complete without interment which
included:
, -memorial urn of imperishable material
-engraving of the memorial urn
-permanent placement of the memorial urn
cremulators - Answer -processors to reduce the consistency of cremated remains in
order to facilitate scattering.
added To facilitate an increase by consumers desiring to scatter cremated remains,
crematories since the 1960's
Turbulence - Answer -the design of a cremator provided
by a series of bafes or constrictions in
chambers; cause gas to change direction or
velocity mixing with O and completing combustion
Can reduce speed of gases thru the unit
• Prevents striation and allows gases to
properly mix in order to aid the
consummation of material prior to entering
the atmosphere
crematorium - Answer -The building that houses the cremation chamber(s).
It can be a building that serves this one function or a multi-purpose building that also
contains the administrative offices, mortuary prep.
Crematory - Answer -The building that houses the cremation chamber(s).
It can be a building that serves this one function or a multi-purpose building that also
contains the administrative offices, mortuary prep.
Cremator - Answer -The total mechanical unit for the cremation process. Inside it is
lined—top, sides, and bottom—with a heavy refractory tile or brick, with a layer of
insulation between the inside surface and the outside protective housing or casing.
cremators are Incinerators - Answer -Engineered apparatus capable of withstanding
heat and designed to efficiently reduce solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous waste at
specified rates, and from which the residues contain little or no combustion material
Classified by Incinerator Institute of America (IIA) as Class VI
Designed for Type 4,0 waste
INLINE STYLE - Answer -Cold Hearth
Lower loading heights
Gases flow front to back
Smaller secondary chamber
Less retention time for burning material
RETORT STYLE - Answer -Hot Hearth
Higher loading heights
Gases flow in baffled patter
