BIOS 252 Final Exam Review 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - ANSWER Skeletal,
Cardiac, and Smooth
What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? - ANSWER Striated,
voluntary, multinucleated, somatic nervous system control
What are characteristics of smooth muscle? - ANSWER Non-
striated, involuntary, uninucleated, autonomic nervous control
What are characteristics of cardiac muscle? - ANSWER Striated,
branching, uninucleated, involuntary, autonomic nervous control, intercalated discs
(gap junctions)
What is the thick filament? - ANSWER Myosin
What is the thin filament? - ANSWER Actin
What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue? - ANSWER
Troponin and Tropomyosin
,What does Calcium bind to? - ANSWER Troponin
Where does Calcium come from? - ANSWER Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum
When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens? - ANSWER
There is a confirmational change wherein Troponin moves Tropomyosin away so
that Myosin can bind to Actin
What are characteristics of all muscles? - ANSWER Electrical
excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces? -
ANSWER Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space (where
CSF is found), Pia Mater (directly attached to spinal cord and brain)
What is the filum terminale? - ANSWER An extension of the Pia
Mater which attaches the spinal cord to coccygeal segment
What is an isometric contraction? - ANSWER Length of muscle
does not change, but tension does
What is an isotonic contraction? - ANSWER Length of muscle
changes, but tension does not
, What is a concentric isotonic contraction? - ANSWER Muscle
shortens
What is an eccentric isotonic contraction? - ANSWER Muscle
lengthens
What is an agonist? - ANSWER Prime mover
What is an antagonist? - ANSWER Opposes action of the prime
mover
What is a synergist? - ANSWER An "assistant" or "helper"
muscle to the agonist
What is a fixator? - ANSWER Stabilizes muscles
What is the origin? - ANSWER Point of origin for a muscle with
NO movement
What is the insertion - ANSWER Where the muscle inserts, non-
stable end where most of the movement associated with the muscle is performed
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - ANSWER Skeletal,
Cardiac, and Smooth
What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? - ANSWER Striated,
voluntary, multinucleated, somatic nervous system control
What are characteristics of smooth muscle? - ANSWER Non-
striated, involuntary, uninucleated, autonomic nervous control
What are characteristics of cardiac muscle? - ANSWER Striated,
branching, uninucleated, involuntary, autonomic nervous control, intercalated discs
(gap junctions)
What is the thick filament? - ANSWER Myosin
What is the thin filament? - ANSWER Actin
What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue? - ANSWER
Troponin and Tropomyosin
,What does Calcium bind to? - ANSWER Troponin
Where does Calcium come from? - ANSWER Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum
When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens? - ANSWER
There is a confirmational change wherein Troponin moves Tropomyosin away so
that Myosin can bind to Actin
What are characteristics of all muscles? - ANSWER Electrical
excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces? -
ANSWER Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space (where
CSF is found), Pia Mater (directly attached to spinal cord and brain)
What is the filum terminale? - ANSWER An extension of the Pia
Mater which attaches the spinal cord to coccygeal segment
What is an isometric contraction? - ANSWER Length of muscle
does not change, but tension does
What is an isotonic contraction? - ANSWER Length of muscle
changes, but tension does not
, What is a concentric isotonic contraction? - ANSWER Muscle
shortens
What is an eccentric isotonic contraction? - ANSWER Muscle
lengthens
What is an agonist? - ANSWER Prime mover
What is an antagonist? - ANSWER Opposes action of the prime
mover
What is a synergist? - ANSWER An "assistant" or "helper"
muscle to the agonist
What is a fixator? - ANSWER Stabilizes muscles
What is the origin? - ANSWER Point of origin for a muscle with
NO movement
What is the insertion - ANSWER Where the muscle inserts, non-
stable end where most of the movement associated with the muscle is performed
