NURS611 exam 1 spring2025 Diagnostic Reasoning and Health Assessment
1. Apoptosis: programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed
2. Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasm membrane structure, or-
ganelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction.
3. hypoxia: #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the
kidneys and heart (myocardial infarction)
4. atrophy: physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
5. hypertrophy: increase in size of cell
6. physiologic hypertrophy: cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is
hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training
7. pathologic hypertrophy: occurs secondary to HTN
8. hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
9. compensatory hyperplasia: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2
weeks
10. pathological hyperplasia: endometrial hyperplasia
11. metaplasia: replacement of cells
normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial .lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped.
12. cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP
level have on cells?: ATP = energy! but needs oxygen - AEROBIC METABOLISM.
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium )Na,
K) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The
Na, K pump is discussed in ch1). Sodium and water can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
13. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases?: A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. therefore,
it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
- key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids
14. cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen
species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular
alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, DM, HTN, ischemic heart disease,
and chronic heart failure:
15. what is the consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury?-
: lysosomes: enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
ethanol: liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic
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, NURS611 exam 1 spring2025 Diagnostic Reasoning and Health Assessment
cellular disfunction. peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol - if not functioning properly
the ethanol is turned to fat in the liver (thus the term "Fatty Liver")
16. effecting of aging on cell/tissues: - every physiologic process can be shown
to function less efficiently
- sarcopenia: muscular atrophy
- stiffness or rigidity of systems:
- peripheral vascular resistance increases
- decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach
- decreased immune response
- F & E: total body K concentration also decreases because of decreased cellular
mass
- an increased Na/K ratio suggests that the
decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment
17. dehydration: marked water deficit is manifested by s/sx of dehydration:
headache
thirst
dry skin/mm
elevated temp
wt loss
decreased/concentrated urine
skin turgor norm or decreased
18. s/sx of hypovolemia: tachycardia
weak pulses
dizziness
postural hypertension
19. thirst: - osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the
plasma
- vulnerable populations to FVD:
- infants 75-80% TBW
- obese: fat is water repelling
- older: thirst sensation is diminished
20. sodium Na+ 135-145: - regulators of fluids
- maintenance of neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve impulses
(135-145)
21. clinical manifestations of severe hypERnatremia: - confusion
- convulsions
- cerebral hemorrhage
- coma
water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space in an effort to
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1. Apoptosis: programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed
2. Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasm membrane structure, or-
ganelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction.
3. hypoxia: #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the
kidneys and heart (myocardial infarction)
4. atrophy: physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
5. hypertrophy: increase in size of cell
6. physiologic hypertrophy: cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is
hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training
7. pathologic hypertrophy: occurs secondary to HTN
8. hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
9. compensatory hyperplasia: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2
weeks
10. pathological hyperplasia: endometrial hyperplasia
11. metaplasia: replacement of cells
normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial .lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped.
12. cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP
level have on cells?: ATP = energy! but needs oxygen - AEROBIC METABOLISM.
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium )Na,
K) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The
Na, K pump is discussed in ch1). Sodium and water can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
13. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases?: A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. therefore,
it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
- key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids
14. cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen
species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular
alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, DM, HTN, ischemic heart disease,
and chronic heart failure:
15. what is the consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury?-
: lysosomes: enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
ethanol: liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic
1/7
, NURS611 exam 1 spring2025 Diagnostic Reasoning and Health Assessment
cellular disfunction. peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol - if not functioning properly
the ethanol is turned to fat in the liver (thus the term "Fatty Liver")
16. effecting of aging on cell/tissues: - every physiologic process can be shown
to function less efficiently
- sarcopenia: muscular atrophy
- stiffness or rigidity of systems:
- peripheral vascular resistance increases
- decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach
- decreased immune response
- F & E: total body K concentration also decreases because of decreased cellular
mass
- an increased Na/K ratio suggests that the
decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment
17. dehydration: marked water deficit is manifested by s/sx of dehydration:
headache
thirst
dry skin/mm
elevated temp
wt loss
decreased/concentrated urine
skin turgor norm or decreased
18. s/sx of hypovolemia: tachycardia
weak pulses
dizziness
postural hypertension
19. thirst: - osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the
plasma
- vulnerable populations to FVD:
- infants 75-80% TBW
- obese: fat is water repelling
- older: thirst sensation is diminished
20. sodium Na+ 135-145: - regulators of fluids
- maintenance of neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve impulses
(135-145)
21. clinical manifestations of severe hypERnatremia: - confusion
- convulsions
- cerebral hemorrhage
- coma
water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space in an effort to
2/7
