Schwartz biol 5500-Final Exam
Revision Questions with Guaranteed
Pass Solutions (2025-2026) Updated.
thymus - Answer site of t-cell development
bone marrow - Answer site of b-cell development and selection
secondary lymphoid organs - Answer spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsil, thoracic duct,
appendix, peyer's patch
cytokines - Answer molecules secreted by one cell acting on another
"hormones" of the immune system
effects of cytokines - Answer fever, swelling, recruitment of cells, amplification of immune
response
chemokines - Answer cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of immune and
inflammatory cells
interleukins - Answer cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes
cause b and t cell activation and facilitates inflammatory responses
antigen (Ag) - Answer molecule often derived from a pathogen and is recognized by the
immune system as foreign, stimulating an immune response
epitope - Answer region of antigen recognized and bound by antibodies
antibody (Ab) - Answer protein produced by b cells that binds very specifically to a given
antigen
immunoglobulin
,immunological memory - Answer the capacity of the immune system to retain a small portion
of memory cells following initial exposure, allowing an amplified response at second exposure
innate immune system - Answer molecules and cells that distinguish host from infectious
agents by recognizing conserved motifs
innate leukocytes - Answer phagocytes, granulocytes, and natural killer cells
timing of innate response - Answer within minutes to hours of exposure
innate specificity - Answer limited and fixed
lack ability to rearrange
adaptive immune system - Answer cells with exquisitely specific receptors for potentially
unlimited number of targets
adaptive leukocytes - Answer b cells and t cells
timing of adaptive response - Answer delay of at least 3-5 days
adaptive specificity - Answer numerous and highly specific--can rearrange receptor DNA
phagocytes - Answer cells that eat other cells or molecules
phagocyte examples - Answer macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
granulocytes - Answer cells that contain granules that kill pathogens or mediate an immune
resposne
granulocyte examples - Answer neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells
natural killer cells - Answer type of white blood cells that recognize normal and absence of
,eosinophil - Answer granulocyte that kills antibody-coated parasites (multicellular) or
helminths
stains with acid dyes
basophil - Answer granulocyte that responds to parasites
produces IL-4
stains with basic dyes
mast cell - Answer granulocyte that is the major mediator of type 1 hypersensitivity responses
(allergy)
contains histamine and heparin
most similar granulocytes - Answer basophils and mast cells
half life of neutrophils - Answer 24 hours
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte - Answer neutrophils
have segmented nucleus
3 functions of neutrophils - Answer migration, phagocytosis/degranulation,
respiratory/oxidative burst
migration - Answer the movement of white blood cells from circulation to the site of infection
in response to signals
oxidative (respiratory) burst - Answer rapid production and release of reactive oxygen species
after activation of NADPH oxidase
major function of neutrophils
main products of oxidative burst - Answer hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and
hypochlorous acid
, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) - Answer inability of neutrophils to generate
respiratory/oxidative burst
results in production of granulomas (walls off pathogens)
extravasation - Answer escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
major steps of neutrophil extravasation - Answer 1. rolling
2. inflammatory mediators upregulate adhesion molecules in endothelium
3. change in conformation of LFA-1 to high affinity interaction
4. stable adhesion stops neutrophils and allows them to migrate through endothelium
adhesion molecules - Answer selectins and integrins
LFA-1 and MCA-1
LFA-1 - Answer integrin expressed by lymphocytes
contains CD18
mediates entry to endothelial cells/interstitial tissues
chemiluminescence assay - Answer tests if neutrophils can carry out respiratory burst
measures production of ROS as relative light units (RLU)
western-blot assay - Answer tests for expression of NADPH oxidase components
measures expression of specific proteins in cell lysate
inheritance of CGD - Answer X-linked recessive
x-inactivation event - Answer inactivation of an X chromosome when 2 are present
allows for a recessive trait to be expressed, even if the person is heterozygous
aspergillus fumigata - Answer opportunistic pathogen that can cause pneumonia
Revision Questions with Guaranteed
Pass Solutions (2025-2026) Updated.
thymus - Answer site of t-cell development
bone marrow - Answer site of b-cell development and selection
secondary lymphoid organs - Answer spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsil, thoracic duct,
appendix, peyer's patch
cytokines - Answer molecules secreted by one cell acting on another
"hormones" of the immune system
effects of cytokines - Answer fever, swelling, recruitment of cells, amplification of immune
response
chemokines - Answer cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of immune and
inflammatory cells
interleukins - Answer cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes
cause b and t cell activation and facilitates inflammatory responses
antigen (Ag) - Answer molecule often derived from a pathogen and is recognized by the
immune system as foreign, stimulating an immune response
epitope - Answer region of antigen recognized and bound by antibodies
antibody (Ab) - Answer protein produced by b cells that binds very specifically to a given
antigen
immunoglobulin
,immunological memory - Answer the capacity of the immune system to retain a small portion
of memory cells following initial exposure, allowing an amplified response at second exposure
innate immune system - Answer molecules and cells that distinguish host from infectious
agents by recognizing conserved motifs
innate leukocytes - Answer phagocytes, granulocytes, and natural killer cells
timing of innate response - Answer within minutes to hours of exposure
innate specificity - Answer limited and fixed
lack ability to rearrange
adaptive immune system - Answer cells with exquisitely specific receptors for potentially
unlimited number of targets
adaptive leukocytes - Answer b cells and t cells
timing of adaptive response - Answer delay of at least 3-5 days
adaptive specificity - Answer numerous and highly specific--can rearrange receptor DNA
phagocytes - Answer cells that eat other cells or molecules
phagocyte examples - Answer macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
granulocytes - Answer cells that contain granules that kill pathogens or mediate an immune
resposne
granulocyte examples - Answer neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells
natural killer cells - Answer type of white blood cells that recognize normal and absence of
,eosinophil - Answer granulocyte that kills antibody-coated parasites (multicellular) or
helminths
stains with acid dyes
basophil - Answer granulocyte that responds to parasites
produces IL-4
stains with basic dyes
mast cell - Answer granulocyte that is the major mediator of type 1 hypersensitivity responses
(allergy)
contains histamine and heparin
most similar granulocytes - Answer basophils and mast cells
half life of neutrophils - Answer 24 hours
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte - Answer neutrophils
have segmented nucleus
3 functions of neutrophils - Answer migration, phagocytosis/degranulation,
respiratory/oxidative burst
migration - Answer the movement of white blood cells from circulation to the site of infection
in response to signals
oxidative (respiratory) burst - Answer rapid production and release of reactive oxygen species
after activation of NADPH oxidase
major function of neutrophils
main products of oxidative burst - Answer hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and
hypochlorous acid
, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) - Answer inability of neutrophils to generate
respiratory/oxidative burst
results in production of granulomas (walls off pathogens)
extravasation - Answer escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
major steps of neutrophil extravasation - Answer 1. rolling
2. inflammatory mediators upregulate adhesion molecules in endothelium
3. change in conformation of LFA-1 to high affinity interaction
4. stable adhesion stops neutrophils and allows them to migrate through endothelium
adhesion molecules - Answer selectins and integrins
LFA-1 and MCA-1
LFA-1 - Answer integrin expressed by lymphocytes
contains CD18
mediates entry to endothelial cells/interstitial tissues
chemiluminescence assay - Answer tests if neutrophils can carry out respiratory burst
measures production of ROS as relative light units (RLU)
western-blot assay - Answer tests for expression of NADPH oxidase components
measures expression of specific proteins in cell lysate
inheritance of CGD - Answer X-linked recessive
x-inactivation event - Answer inactivation of an X chromosome when 2 are present
allows for a recessive trait to be expressed, even if the person is heterozygous
aspergillus fumigata - Answer opportunistic pathogen that can cause pneumonia
