BIOL 5600 Mam Phys Mendonca
Examination with Solved Solutions
2025 Updated.
What are the definitions of anatomy and physiology? - Answer anatomy: the study of body
structures, their shape/form defines their function
physiology: the study of body function; keeps body at set pt
- the two are intertwined
6 basic life processes - Answer 1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation/specialization
6. Reproduction(of genes)
2M, 2R, GD
metabolism - Answer the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
- catabolism: break down large complex molecules
- anabolism: build structures and functional components
- O2 is necessary for making the chemical energy to carry out these processes
responsiveness - Answer ability to detect and generate a response to changes in the external
and internal environment
- mediated thru the nervous/endocrine system
movement - Answer motion of the whole body or various sublevels; (organs, single cells,
molecules and ions moved in/out--CO2/O2 exchange)
growth - Answer increase in body size, not just whole body but organs, which is linked with
differentiation/specialization
,what is homeostasis? - Answer condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment
produced by ceaseless interplay of ALL the body's regulatory function
- is a dynamic condition; constantly changing
- function works in a narrow range and the body calls all hands on deck to maintain this
how does the body regulate homeostasis? - Answer the body responds to changes in
homeostasis via regulatory feedback systems (nervous=fast; endocrine=slow)
allostasis - Answer changes that occur in the body to maintain homeostasis
- focuses in the changes in the body rather than the set pt
what is a feedback system? - Answer cycle of events where status of body condition is
continually monitored and adjusted (like a thermostat)
3 basic components that make up feedback systems - Answer 1. receptor (input): monitors
changes and sends data to the control
2. control center (integration): has a range of accepted values, evaluates data to see if its in the
accepted ranges, then generates output commands
3. effector (output): body structures that respond to the command that changes the parameter
needing to be controlled; nearly every organ or tissue can act as an effector
- view image in notes
negative and positive feedback loop - Answer NEGATIVE: reverses change
POSITIVE: not common, causes buildup
- ie labor
homeostatic imbalance - Answer - when moderate: imbalance
- when severe: disease; more specific term for disorder with recognizable set of signs/symptoms
symptoms vs signs - Answer symptoms: subjective; not discernable to observer (nausea,
headache)
signs: clinical measures; objective and can be measured
, what is the ICF? - Answer body fluid within cells
-intracellular
what is the ECF? - Answer body fluid outside cells
-extracellular
ex: interstitial fluid and plasma
interstitial fluid - Answer fluid in the spaces between cells (INTER)
plasma - Answer liquid part of blood in contrast to the formed elements
- view image
- (eg: RBCs, WBCs, platelets)--> hematocrit: % of volume consisting of formed elements)
- plasma is all the liquid not including the hematocrit
lymph - Answer one-way vessels in lymphatic system-immune/fats dumped into venous
system
transcellular fluid - Answer fluid secreted by special cells into enclosed cavities (eg synovial
fluid/CSF)
does the body have more ICF or ECF? - Answer ICF
- ~60% of body is fluid (50-70% range depending on fatness/leanness)
- women: slightly lower percentage of water bc tend to have more essential fat
Total body mass - Answer 60% fluid
40% solid
- 2/3 of fluid is ICF, thus ab 40% of the total body mass
- 1/3 is ECF, thus ~20% body mass (of the ECF, 80% is interstitial (~15% BM) and 20% is plasma
(~5 BM))
measurements of body fluid volume - Answer * know what crosses what mem for what tests*
1. dry weight determination
Examination with Solved Solutions
2025 Updated.
What are the definitions of anatomy and physiology? - Answer anatomy: the study of body
structures, their shape/form defines their function
physiology: the study of body function; keeps body at set pt
- the two are intertwined
6 basic life processes - Answer 1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation/specialization
6. Reproduction(of genes)
2M, 2R, GD
metabolism - Answer the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
- catabolism: break down large complex molecules
- anabolism: build structures and functional components
- O2 is necessary for making the chemical energy to carry out these processes
responsiveness - Answer ability to detect and generate a response to changes in the external
and internal environment
- mediated thru the nervous/endocrine system
movement - Answer motion of the whole body or various sublevels; (organs, single cells,
molecules and ions moved in/out--CO2/O2 exchange)
growth - Answer increase in body size, not just whole body but organs, which is linked with
differentiation/specialization
,what is homeostasis? - Answer condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment
produced by ceaseless interplay of ALL the body's regulatory function
- is a dynamic condition; constantly changing
- function works in a narrow range and the body calls all hands on deck to maintain this
how does the body regulate homeostasis? - Answer the body responds to changes in
homeostasis via regulatory feedback systems (nervous=fast; endocrine=slow)
allostasis - Answer changes that occur in the body to maintain homeostasis
- focuses in the changes in the body rather than the set pt
what is a feedback system? - Answer cycle of events where status of body condition is
continually monitored and adjusted (like a thermostat)
3 basic components that make up feedback systems - Answer 1. receptor (input): monitors
changes and sends data to the control
2. control center (integration): has a range of accepted values, evaluates data to see if its in the
accepted ranges, then generates output commands
3. effector (output): body structures that respond to the command that changes the parameter
needing to be controlled; nearly every organ or tissue can act as an effector
- view image in notes
negative and positive feedback loop - Answer NEGATIVE: reverses change
POSITIVE: not common, causes buildup
- ie labor
homeostatic imbalance - Answer - when moderate: imbalance
- when severe: disease; more specific term for disorder with recognizable set of signs/symptoms
symptoms vs signs - Answer symptoms: subjective; not discernable to observer (nausea,
headache)
signs: clinical measures; objective and can be measured
, what is the ICF? - Answer body fluid within cells
-intracellular
what is the ECF? - Answer body fluid outside cells
-extracellular
ex: interstitial fluid and plasma
interstitial fluid - Answer fluid in the spaces between cells (INTER)
plasma - Answer liquid part of blood in contrast to the formed elements
- view image
- (eg: RBCs, WBCs, platelets)--> hematocrit: % of volume consisting of formed elements)
- plasma is all the liquid not including the hematocrit
lymph - Answer one-way vessels in lymphatic system-immune/fats dumped into venous
system
transcellular fluid - Answer fluid secreted by special cells into enclosed cavities (eg synovial
fluid/CSF)
does the body have more ICF or ECF? - Answer ICF
- ~60% of body is fluid (50-70% range depending on fatness/leanness)
- women: slightly lower percentage of water bc tend to have more essential fat
Total body mass - Answer 60% fluid
40% solid
- 2/3 of fluid is ICF, thus ab 40% of the total body mass
- 1/3 is ECF, thus ~20% body mass (of the ECF, 80% is interstitial (~15% BM) and 20% is plasma
(~5 BM))
measurements of body fluid volume - Answer * know what crosses what mem for what tests*
1. dry weight determination
