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RNFA MASTER EXAM 2023 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

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AchE inhibitors Neostigmine Edrophonium Muscarinic Antagonists Glycopyrrolate Spasmolytics Dantrolene Diazepam Baclofen Tizanidine Gabapentin Progabide Glycine Idrocilamide Riluzole Dantrolene Botulinum toxin Cyclobenzaprine Neuromuscular blockers. Used during surgical procedures and in intensive care units to cause paralysis. NONDEPOLARIZING BLOCKERS • They are competitive antagonists. In small clinical doses they act predominantly at the nicotinic receptor site by competing with acetylcholine. Their action can be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft; this can be achieved, for example, by administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine or edrophonium. Anaesthesiologists use this strategy to shorten the duration of the neuromuscular blockade. • In larger doses, nondepolarizing blockers also enter the pore of the ion channel to cause a more intense motor blockade. This further weakens neuromuscular transmission and diminishes the ability of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to antagonize the action of nondepolarizing blockers. • Nondepolarizing blockers may also block prejunctional sodium channels. As a result, they reduce the release of acetylcholine at the nerve ending. • During anesthesia, the IV administration of a nondepolarizing blocker first causes motor weakness; ultimately, skeletal muscles become totally flaccid and inexcitable to stimulation. Larger muscles (e.g. those of the trunk) are more resistant to block and recover more rapidly than smaller ones (e.g. muscles of the hand). DEPOLARIZING BLOCKERS Succinylcholine is the only depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used clinically in the USA. succinylcholine remains popular because it is the only ultrarapid onset/ultrashort duration neuromuscular blocker available. • Succinylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor and acts like acetylcholine to cause depolarization of the end plate. This in turn spreads and depolarizes adjacent membranes, causing transient fasciculations, especially in chest and abdomen, though general anesthesia and prior administration of a small dose of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant tends to attenuate them. Succinylcholine is not metabolized effectively at the synapse, therefore the membrane remains depolarized and unresponsive to additional impulses. A flaccid paralysis results. This is called Phase I block, or depolarization block. Phase I block is augmented, not reversed, by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. • The onset of neuromuscular blockade is very rapid, usually within 1 minute. Because of its rapid hydrolysis by plasma butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase), duration of neuromuscular block is 5-10 minutes. • With a single large dose, repeated doses, or prolonged continued infusion of succinylcholine (30-60 minutes) the membrane repolarizes; despite this repolarization, the membrane can't be depolarized again because it is desensitized. The channels behave as if they are in a prolonged closed state. This is called phase II block or desensitization block. Phase II block may be reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

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TEST BANK FOR
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Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical
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Judgment A Practical Approach
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7th Edition by Rosalinda Alfaro-LeFevre
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q Chapters 1 - 7, Complete Newest Version
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, Test Bank For Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical Judgment A Practical
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Approach 7th Edition – by Rosalinda Alfaro-LeFevre
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Paperback ISBN: 9780323581257 q q




eBook ISBN: 9780323594721
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Paperback ISBN: 9780323676922 q q




Table of Contents
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1. What are Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical Judgment?
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2. Becoming a Critical Thinker q q q




3. Critical Thinking and Learning Cultures: Teaching, Learning, and Taking Tests
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4. Interprofessional Clinical Reasoning, Decision Making, and Judgment q q q q q q




5. Ethical Reasoning, Professionalism, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement
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6. Practicing Clinical Reasoning, Clinical Judgment, and Decision-making Skills
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7. Interprofessional Practice Skills: Communication, Teamwork, and Self-Management NEW
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interprofessional collaboration focus!
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, Critical Thinking Clinical Reasoning and Clinical Judgment 7th Edition A Practical
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Approach Test Bank
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Chapter 1. What are Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical Judgment?
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Multiple Choice
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Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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q 1. Which of the following characteristics do the various definitions of critical thinking havein
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q common? Critical thinking q q




1)
Requires reasoned thought q q




2)
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Asks the questions why? or how?
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3)
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Is a hierarchical process
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4)
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Demands specialized thinking skills q q q




ANSWER: 1
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The definitions listed in the text as well as definitions in Box 2-1 state that critical thinking requires
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q reasoning or reasoned thinking. Critical thinking is neither linear nor hierarchical. That means that
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q the steps involved in critical thinking are not necessarily sequential, where mastery ofone step is
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q necessary to proceed to the next. Critical thinking is a purposeful, dynamic, analytic process that
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q contributes to reasoned decisions and sound contextual judgments. q q q q q q q




PTS:1DIF:Moderate high-level question, answer not stated verbatim q q q q q q




KEY: Nursing process: N/A | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level:Analysis
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q 2. A few nurses on a unit have proposed to the nurse manager that the process for documenting
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care on the unit be changed. They have described a completely new system. Why isit important for the
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q nurse manager to have a critical attitude? It will help the manager to
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1)
Consider all the possible advantages and disadvantages2)
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Maintain an open mind about the proposed change3) q q q q q q q q




Apply the nursing process to the situation4)
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Make a decision based on past experience with documentation
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ANSWER: 2
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A critical attitude enables the person to think fairly and keep an open mind.
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, q PTS:1DIF:ModerateKEY: Nursing process: N/A | Client need: SECE | Cognitive level:
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Comprehension
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