PNl 4006l Midterml Examl (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Guidel Q/Al |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)
Q:l Normall Salinel (NS)
Answer:
Description:l 0.9%l NaCll inl Waterl Crystalloidl Solution
{Anl isotonicl crystalloidl solutionl thatl containsl sodiuml chloridel (salt)l asl thel solute,l
dissolvedl inl sterilel waterl (solvent).l Thel specificl concentrationl forl normall salinel solutionl
isl 0.9%.}
Osmolality:l Isotonicl (308l mOsm)
Use:l Increasesl circulatingl plasmal volumel whenl redl cellsl arel adequate
•l Replacesl lossesl withoutl alteringl fluidl concentrations.
•l Helpfull forl Na+l replacement
Q:l Whatl isl NSl usedl for?
Answer:
-ECFl replacementl
-l metabolicl alkalosisl withl fluidl lossl
-l sodiuml depletionl
-bloodl transfusion
Q:l ½l NSl /l ½l Normall Saline
Answer:
"Halfl Normall Saline,"l whichl isl anl intravenousl fluidl solutionl containingl
0.45%l
sodiuml chloridel (NaCl)l dissolvedl inl water.
Q:l ½l NSl /l ½l Normall Saline
Answer:
Halfl Normall Salinel (1/2l NS)l isl commonlyl usedl inl medicall settingsl tol providel
intravenousl hydrationl andl electrolytel balance,l especiallyl whenl al lowerl sodiuml
concentrationl thanl normall salinel (0.9%l NaCl)l isl desired.l It'sl oftenl usedl inl patientsl whol
,dol notl requirel asl muchl sodium,l suchl asl thosel withl certainl medicall conditionsl orl
duringl maintenancel fluidl therapy.
Q:l Whatl isl Ringer'sl lactate?
Answer:
sodium,l chloride,l calcium,l potassium,l andl lactatel dissolvedl inl water
Q:l Whatl isl Ringer'sl lactatel usedl for?
Answer:
Electrolytel replacement.l containsl Sodium,l potassium,l andl calcium
Q:l whatl isl D5w?
Answer:
5%l dextrosel (sugar)l inl water.l
TKOl IV,l withl al minidripl tubing
Q:l Whatl isl D5Wl usedl for?
Answer:
fluidl loss,l dehydration,l hypernatremia
Q:l Whatl isl D5NSl (0.9%l NaCll inl Dextrosel 5%)?
Answer:
Hypertonicl solutionl usedl inl temporaryl treatmentl ofl shockl IFl plasmal expandersl notl
available
*Dol NOTl usel inl cardiacl orl renall patients
Q:l Whatl isl d5nsl usedl for?
Answer:
sodiuml andl volumel replacement
Q:l Whatl isl D51/2NS?
Answer:
5%l dextrosel inl 0.45%l sodiuml chloride
Q:l Whatl isl D51/2NSl usedl for?
Answer:
,Txl of:l dehydration,l electrolytes,l maintainl fluidl balance,l providel energyl forl NPOl patients
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl normall saline
Answer:
isotonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl ½l NSl /l ½l Normall Saline
Answer:
Hypotonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl ringersl lactate?
Answer:
Isotonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl D5w?
Answer:
isotonic,l hypotonicl (afterl metabolization)
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl D5NS?
Answer:
hypertonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl D51/2NS?
Answer:
Isotonic
Q:l metabolicl acidosis
Answer:
decreasedl pHl inl bloodl andl bodyl tissuesl asl al resultl ofl anl upsetl inl metabolism
Q:l metabolicl alkalosis
Answer:
elevationl ofl HCO3-l usuallyl causedl byl anl excessivel lossl ofl metabolicl acids
Q:l respiratoryl acidosis
Answer:
, Al dropl inl bloodl pHl duel tol hypoventilationl (tool littlel breathing)l andl al resultingl
accumulationl ofl Co2.
Q:l respiratoryl alkalosis
Answer:
Arisel inl bloodl pHl duel tol hyperventilationl (excessivel breathing)l andl al resultingl decreasel
inl CO2.
Q:l Whatl isl thel pHl scale?
Answer:
measuresl howl acidicl orl basicl al substancel is
Q:l normall phl rangesl inl blood?
Answer:
7.35-7.45
Q:l Whatl bloodl pHl suggestsl acidosis?
Answer:
anythingl belowl 7.35
Q:l Whatl bloodl pHl suggestsl alkalosis?
Answer:
anythingl abovel 7.45
Q:l Howl doesl thel bodyl regulatel Ph?
Answer:
bufferl system,l lungs,l kidneys
Q:l abnormall musculoskeletall findings
Answer:
•Backl Pain
•Falls
•Osteoporosis
•Osteoarthritis
•Rheumatoidl Arthritis
•Bursitis
•Jointl Dislocation
2026l Update)l Guidel Q/Al |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)
Q:l Normall Salinel (NS)
Answer:
Description:l 0.9%l NaCll inl Waterl Crystalloidl Solution
{Anl isotonicl crystalloidl solutionl thatl containsl sodiuml chloridel (salt)l asl thel solute,l
dissolvedl inl sterilel waterl (solvent).l Thel specificl concentrationl forl normall salinel solutionl
isl 0.9%.}
Osmolality:l Isotonicl (308l mOsm)
Use:l Increasesl circulatingl plasmal volumel whenl redl cellsl arel adequate
•l Replacesl lossesl withoutl alteringl fluidl concentrations.
•l Helpfull forl Na+l replacement
Q:l Whatl isl NSl usedl for?
Answer:
-ECFl replacementl
-l metabolicl alkalosisl withl fluidl lossl
-l sodiuml depletionl
-bloodl transfusion
Q:l ½l NSl /l ½l Normall Saline
Answer:
"Halfl Normall Saline,"l whichl isl anl intravenousl fluidl solutionl containingl
0.45%l
sodiuml chloridel (NaCl)l dissolvedl inl water.
Q:l ½l NSl /l ½l Normall Saline
Answer:
Halfl Normall Salinel (1/2l NS)l isl commonlyl usedl inl medicall settingsl tol providel
intravenousl hydrationl andl electrolytel balance,l especiallyl whenl al lowerl sodiuml
concentrationl thanl normall salinel (0.9%l NaCl)l isl desired.l It'sl oftenl usedl inl patientsl whol
,dol notl requirel asl muchl sodium,l suchl asl thosel withl certainl medicall conditionsl orl
duringl maintenancel fluidl therapy.
Q:l Whatl isl Ringer'sl lactate?
Answer:
sodium,l chloride,l calcium,l potassium,l andl lactatel dissolvedl inl water
Q:l Whatl isl Ringer'sl lactatel usedl for?
Answer:
Electrolytel replacement.l containsl Sodium,l potassium,l andl calcium
Q:l whatl isl D5w?
Answer:
5%l dextrosel (sugar)l inl water.l
TKOl IV,l withl al minidripl tubing
Q:l Whatl isl D5Wl usedl for?
Answer:
fluidl loss,l dehydration,l hypernatremia
Q:l Whatl isl D5NSl (0.9%l NaCll inl Dextrosel 5%)?
Answer:
Hypertonicl solutionl usedl inl temporaryl treatmentl ofl shockl IFl plasmal expandersl notl
available
*Dol NOTl usel inl cardiacl orl renall patients
Q:l Whatl isl d5nsl usedl for?
Answer:
sodiuml andl volumel replacement
Q:l Whatl isl D51/2NS?
Answer:
5%l dextrosel inl 0.45%l sodiuml chloride
Q:l Whatl isl D51/2NSl usedl for?
Answer:
,Txl of:l dehydration,l electrolytes,l maintainl fluidl balance,l providel energyl forl NPOl patients
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl normall saline
Answer:
isotonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl ½l NSl /l ½l Normall Saline
Answer:
Hypotonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl ringersl lactate?
Answer:
Isotonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl D5w?
Answer:
isotonic,l hypotonicl (afterl metabolization)
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl D5NS?
Answer:
hypertonic
Q:l Whatl kindl ofl solutionl isl D51/2NS?
Answer:
Isotonic
Q:l metabolicl acidosis
Answer:
decreasedl pHl inl bloodl andl bodyl tissuesl asl al resultl ofl anl upsetl inl metabolism
Q:l metabolicl alkalosis
Answer:
elevationl ofl HCO3-l usuallyl causedl byl anl excessivel lossl ofl metabolicl acids
Q:l respiratoryl acidosis
Answer:
, Al dropl inl bloodl pHl duel tol hypoventilationl (tool littlel breathing)l andl al resultingl
accumulationl ofl Co2.
Q:l respiratoryl alkalosis
Answer:
Arisel inl bloodl pHl duel tol hyperventilationl (excessivel breathing)l andl al resultingl decreasel
inl CO2.
Q:l Whatl isl thel pHl scale?
Answer:
measuresl howl acidicl orl basicl al substancel is
Q:l normall phl rangesl inl blood?
Answer:
7.35-7.45
Q:l Whatl bloodl pHl suggestsl acidosis?
Answer:
anythingl belowl 7.35
Q:l Whatl bloodl pHl suggestsl alkalosis?
Answer:
anythingl abovel 7.45
Q:l Howl doesl thel bodyl regulatel Ph?
Answer:
bufferl system,l lungs,l kidneys
Q:l abnormall musculoskeletall findings
Answer:
•Backl Pain
•Falls
•Osteoporosis
•Osteoarthritis
•Rheumatoidl Arthritis
•Bursitis
•Jointl Dislocation
