D265Critical Thinking Reason and
Evidence Latest Study Guide 2025
D265Critical Thinking Reason and
Evidence Latest Study Guide 2025
Critical Thinking -
The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning--to criticize your own
reasoning.
Critical -
Reflective, careful, or attentive to potential errors.
Critical Thinking -
Being curious and thinking creatively; Being billing to go the next step and think
about all of the possible positions and arguments before settling into a position.
Critical Thinking -
Separating the thinking from the position; Removing personal opinion from the
discussion and not making it personal against the other person.
Critical Thinking -
Knowing oneself enough to avoid biases and errors of thought; being thoughtful and
aware of personal biases and working against them to challenge thinking.
Critical Thinking -
Understanding arguments ,reasons, and evidence; thinking carefully about thinking,
about arguments, and positions.
Propositions -
Statements that can be true or false.
Non-Proposition Sentences -
Sentences that cannot be true or false; cannot disagree with them; cannot argue
whether they're right or wrong; cannot question them.
Simple Propositions -
Proposition with no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false
does not depend on whether a part of them are true or false. They simply are true or
false on their own.
Complex Propositions -
Propositions with an internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple
propositions.
Common Anatomy of an Argument -
One or more premises that are propositions that support or demonstrate at least one
conclusion.
, D265Critical Thinking Reason and
Evidence Latest Study Guide 2025
Premise -
Propositions/statements that support or demonstrate the conclusion.
Conclusion -
The point being made and offered for acceptance or rejection as the basis of an
argument.
Bad Inferential Structure -
The argument's premises do not demonstrate or support the conclusion. We can
accept the premises as true without being compelled to accept the conclusion.
False Premise -
The premises in an argument are false.
Argument -
A set of statements where the premises attempt to provide a reason for thinking that
the conclusion is true.
Conclusion Indicators -
Therefore, Hence, We may conclude that, So, Thus, Implies that, It follows that,
Entails that, As a result
Premise Indicators -
Because, In that, As indicated by, Given that, Since, For, As
Inference -
Argument
Argument -
Any purportedly rational movement from evidence or premises to a conclusion.
Deductive Inferences -
Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
Inductive Inferences -
Arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable, at best.
Abductive Inference -
Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct
explanation.
Truth -
A property of propositions--not arguments.
Valid -
A property of an argument structure. If both premises are true, the conclusion is true.
Only applies to deductive arguments.
Evidence Latest Study Guide 2025
D265Critical Thinking Reason and
Evidence Latest Study Guide 2025
Critical Thinking -
The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning--to criticize your own
reasoning.
Critical -
Reflective, careful, or attentive to potential errors.
Critical Thinking -
Being curious and thinking creatively; Being billing to go the next step and think
about all of the possible positions and arguments before settling into a position.
Critical Thinking -
Separating the thinking from the position; Removing personal opinion from the
discussion and not making it personal against the other person.
Critical Thinking -
Knowing oneself enough to avoid biases and errors of thought; being thoughtful and
aware of personal biases and working against them to challenge thinking.
Critical Thinking -
Understanding arguments ,reasons, and evidence; thinking carefully about thinking,
about arguments, and positions.
Propositions -
Statements that can be true or false.
Non-Proposition Sentences -
Sentences that cannot be true or false; cannot disagree with them; cannot argue
whether they're right or wrong; cannot question them.
Simple Propositions -
Proposition with no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false
does not depend on whether a part of them are true or false. They simply are true or
false on their own.
Complex Propositions -
Propositions with an internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple
propositions.
Common Anatomy of an Argument -
One or more premises that are propositions that support or demonstrate at least one
conclusion.
, D265Critical Thinking Reason and
Evidence Latest Study Guide 2025
Premise -
Propositions/statements that support or demonstrate the conclusion.
Conclusion -
The point being made and offered for acceptance or rejection as the basis of an
argument.
Bad Inferential Structure -
The argument's premises do not demonstrate or support the conclusion. We can
accept the premises as true without being compelled to accept the conclusion.
False Premise -
The premises in an argument are false.
Argument -
A set of statements where the premises attempt to provide a reason for thinking that
the conclusion is true.
Conclusion Indicators -
Therefore, Hence, We may conclude that, So, Thus, Implies that, It follows that,
Entails that, As a result
Premise Indicators -
Because, In that, As indicated by, Given that, Since, For, As
Inference -
Argument
Argument -
Any purportedly rational movement from evidence or premises to a conclusion.
Deductive Inferences -
Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
Inductive Inferences -
Arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable, at best.
Abductive Inference -
Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct
explanation.
Truth -
A property of propositions--not arguments.
Valid -
A property of an argument structure. If both premises are true, the conclusion is true.
Only applies to deductive arguments.
