BIOL 2300 Final Exam 2025 Questions
and Answers
State and explain the Cell Theory. - --CORRECT ANSWER--the theory that all
living things are made of cells
cells come from other cells
Compare & contrast Spontaneous Generation/Vitalism with Biogenesis. - --
CORRECT ANSWER---cells spontaneously turn into bacteria; life can arise from
no life; "magic"
-bacteria come from other bacteria; cells come from other cells; bacteria don't just
magically pop up
Identify the observations made by Francesco Redi, John Needham, Lassaro
Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, and John Snow that are relevant to the Spontaneous
Generation/Vitalism vs Biogenesis debate. - --CORRECT ANSWER--Francesco
Redi-disproved spontaneous generation: 2 jars of meat, one covered, one uncoverd
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,John Needham-supported spontaneous generation: heat chicken broth the poured
in covered flasks (microbes grew)
Lazzaro Spallanzani-disproved spontaneous generation: microbes from air might
have entered broth, heated broth in covered flasks
Louis Pasteur-disproved spontaneous generation: boiled in long-necked flasks
John Snow-London cholera
List Koch's postulates. - --CORRECT ANSWER--1. same pathogen must be
present in every case of disease
2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. pure culture must cause disease in test animals
4. pathogen in original animal must show up in test animal
Explain why Koch's postulates are used. - --CORRECT ANSWER--provide a
framework for the study of the etiology of any infectious disease
Recognize exceptions to Koch's postulates. - --CORRECT ANSWER---some
microbes have unique culture requirements (some can't be cultured)
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, -several microbes can cause a disease/can be hard to pinpoint which is disease-
causing
-1 pathogen can cause several diseases
-testing on humans isn't ethical
Characterize organisms in the three domains of life. - --CORRECT ANSWER---
bacteria (prokaryotic)
-archaea (prokaryotic w/o peptidoglycan in cell wall)
-eukaryota (eukaryotic)
Characterize organisms in the 4 kingdoms of eukarya. - --CORRECT ANSWER---
protista (other eukaryotes)
-fungi (absorbs energy)
-plantae (photosynthesis)
-animalia (ingest through a mouth)
List the general names of the taxonomic groupings in order (domain, kingdom,
phylum, etc.). - --CORRECT ANSWER--Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
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and Answers
State and explain the Cell Theory. - --CORRECT ANSWER--the theory that all
living things are made of cells
cells come from other cells
Compare & contrast Spontaneous Generation/Vitalism with Biogenesis. - --
CORRECT ANSWER---cells spontaneously turn into bacteria; life can arise from
no life; "magic"
-bacteria come from other bacteria; cells come from other cells; bacteria don't just
magically pop up
Identify the observations made by Francesco Redi, John Needham, Lassaro
Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, and John Snow that are relevant to the Spontaneous
Generation/Vitalism vs Biogenesis debate. - --CORRECT ANSWER--Francesco
Redi-disproved spontaneous generation: 2 jars of meat, one covered, one uncoverd
....COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 1
,John Needham-supported spontaneous generation: heat chicken broth the poured
in covered flasks (microbes grew)
Lazzaro Spallanzani-disproved spontaneous generation: microbes from air might
have entered broth, heated broth in covered flasks
Louis Pasteur-disproved spontaneous generation: boiled in long-necked flasks
John Snow-London cholera
List Koch's postulates. - --CORRECT ANSWER--1. same pathogen must be
present in every case of disease
2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. pure culture must cause disease in test animals
4. pathogen in original animal must show up in test animal
Explain why Koch's postulates are used. - --CORRECT ANSWER--provide a
framework for the study of the etiology of any infectious disease
Recognize exceptions to Koch's postulates. - --CORRECT ANSWER---some
microbes have unique culture requirements (some can't be cultured)
....COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 2
, -several microbes can cause a disease/can be hard to pinpoint which is disease-
causing
-1 pathogen can cause several diseases
-testing on humans isn't ethical
Characterize organisms in the three domains of life. - --CORRECT ANSWER---
bacteria (prokaryotic)
-archaea (prokaryotic w/o peptidoglycan in cell wall)
-eukaryota (eukaryotic)
Characterize organisms in the 4 kingdoms of eukarya. - --CORRECT ANSWER---
protista (other eukaryotes)
-fungi (absorbs energy)
-plantae (photosynthesis)
-animalia (ingest through a mouth)
List the general names of the taxonomic groupings in order (domain, kingdom,
phylum, etc.). - --CORRECT ANSWER--Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
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