CISSN STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100%
PASS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a.
Carnosine is made in the body from L-histidine and beta-alanine via an energy-
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase.
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain tissue, kidney, and stomach.
c. The highest concentration is found in meats and absorbed in the intestine via
peptide transporters.
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation.
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
,g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force.
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔+ Slow digesting starch.
+ Blunts plasma and insulin response leading to prolonged energy availability and
satiety compared to rapidly digested starches.
+ Absorbed with less insulin allowing ketogenic effects to remain.
+ Examples are rice, barley, and corn.
+ Contains two starch polymers: amylose, and amylopectin.
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Vitamin D
The ISSN opinion on energy drinks - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. The primary ergogenic
nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrates and/or caffeine.
,2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been
well-established but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in
ED and ES remain to be determined.
3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus,
alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance.
4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in particular
merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential effects on physical and
mental performance.
5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED during
training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote a
small amount of additional fat loss. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may
promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully
considered as part of the total daily energy intake.
6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load
carbohydrates on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as the
effects of caffeine and other stimulants on motor skill performance.
7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with parental
approval.
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, 8. Uncareful use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day is
consumed, may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects.
9. Diabetics and individuals with cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and
neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high
glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should avoid the use of ED
and/or ES unless approved by their physician.
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate,
glycerol (catabolic produce of triacylglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine
and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee
may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔(whey protein isolate)
- affected isometric and isokinetic MUSCLE RECOVERY
- improves recovery rates and reduces damage from intense training
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100%
PASS
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a.
Carnosine is made in the body from L-histidine and beta-alanine via an energy-
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase.
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain tissue, kidney, and stomach.
c. The highest concentration is found in meats and absorbed in the intestine via
peptide transporters.
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation.
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
,g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of
sports nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is
suggested that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of
H+ originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force.
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔+ Slow digesting starch.
+ Blunts plasma and insulin response leading to prolonged energy availability and
satiety compared to rapidly digested starches.
+ Absorbed with less insulin allowing ketogenic effects to remain.
+ Examples are rice, barley, and corn.
+ Contains two starch polymers: amylose, and amylopectin.
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting
muscle function? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Vitamin D
The ISSN opinion on energy drinks - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. The primary ergogenic
nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrates and/or caffeine.
,2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been
well-established but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in
ED and ES remain to be determined.
3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus,
alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance.
4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in particular
merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential effects on physical and
mental performance.
5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED during
training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote a
small amount of additional fat loss. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may
promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully
considered as part of the total daily energy intake.
6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load
carbohydrates on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as the
effects of caffeine and other stimulants on motor skill performance.
7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with parental
approval.
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, 8. Uncareful use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day is
consumed, may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects.
9. Diabetics and individuals with cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and
neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high
glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should avoid the use of ED
and/or ES unless approved by their physician.
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate,
glycerol (catabolic produce of triacylglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine
and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee
may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔(whey protein isolate)
- affected isometric and isokinetic MUSCLE RECOVERY
- improves recovery rates and reduces damage from intense training
