NROS 307 STUDY QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS <
RECENT VERSION 2025/2026 >
SURE TO PASS!!
1. Looking with only one eye, what happens to objects
that extend through the blind spot? Why? - ANSWER
✓ For objects that extend through the blind spot, the
mind fills in the missing information. However, if the
object is smaller than the blind spot, then it will just
disappear.
2. What is different about the fovea and the rest of the
retina? - ANSWER ✓ The fovea is where there is a big
concentration of cones. Light does not go through the
layers of cells that it normally does, and it hits the cones
directly. Because of this, the acuity of light detection is
very high here.
,3. What are the main differences in the functions of rods
and cones? - ANSWER ✓ Rods: black and white
vision, best for vision in dim lighting. Sensitive to light
Cones: color vision, short, medium and long cones to
respond to different wavelengths, fovea is mostly
cones, doesn't do well in dim light.
4. Why are different types of cones required for color
vision? How does the receptive field differ for cones
with different photopigments? - ANSWER ✓ Different
cones are required for color vision so that they can
detect specific ranges of light and integrate them
together to form colors. The receptive field differs
depending on which cones are available to detect light,
and the color that is seen depends on that as well.
5. Why are multiple photopigments necessary to detect
colors and why don't rods contribute to color vision? -
ANSWER ✓ There are multiple photopigments
necessary to detect colors because all the different
cones detect different wavelengths and integrate them
to see varieties of colors.
,6. Rods don't contribute to color vision because they don't
interact with cones. They only interact amongst
themselves.
7. Many birds express a fourth color pigment that is
sensitive to UV light. How would their perception of
colors be different? - ANSWER ✓ They would have a
broader range of light with a different receptive field
8. Protanopia - ANSWER ✓ Lacking the long wavelength
photopigment
9. Deuteranopia - ANSWER ✓ Lacking the medium
wavelength photopigment
10. Tritanopia - ANSWER ✓ Lacking the short
wavelength photopigment
For the olfactory signal transduction pathway outlined
in question 1, outline the effects of the following drugs
and determine whether the sensitivity of the sense of
smell would be enhanced or decreased. Answer in terms
of immediate effects only
, A.) A drug that prevents the hydrolysis of GTP in
G proteins
B.) A kinase inhibitor
C.) a drug that prevents the re-association of the
heterotrimeric G-proteinsD.) a GRK inhibitor
D.) a PDE inhibitor - ANSWER ✓ A) a drug that
prevents the hydrolysis of GTP into G-
proteins: INCREASE- prevents GTP from
associating into GDP (active state)- continues
activation of AC
B) a kinase inhibitor: INCREASE
C) a drug that prevents the re-association of the
heterotrimeric G-proteins: DECREASE- beta-gamma
subunits continue activating GRK
D) a GRK inhibitor: INCREASE- arrestin would never
be able to block the odor
E) a PDE inhibitor: INCREASE- prevents breakdown
of cAMP[Inhibiting negative feedback ALWAYS
results in increased sensitivity.]
11. The glomeruli in the olfactory bulb are thought to be
fundamental units of organization in the olfactory
system. Why is this? What information comes into a
AND CORRECT ANSWERS <
RECENT VERSION 2025/2026 >
SURE TO PASS!!
1. Looking with only one eye, what happens to objects
that extend through the blind spot? Why? - ANSWER
✓ For objects that extend through the blind spot, the
mind fills in the missing information. However, if the
object is smaller than the blind spot, then it will just
disappear.
2. What is different about the fovea and the rest of the
retina? - ANSWER ✓ The fovea is where there is a big
concentration of cones. Light does not go through the
layers of cells that it normally does, and it hits the cones
directly. Because of this, the acuity of light detection is
very high here.
,3. What are the main differences in the functions of rods
and cones? - ANSWER ✓ Rods: black and white
vision, best for vision in dim lighting. Sensitive to light
Cones: color vision, short, medium and long cones to
respond to different wavelengths, fovea is mostly
cones, doesn't do well in dim light.
4. Why are different types of cones required for color
vision? How does the receptive field differ for cones
with different photopigments? - ANSWER ✓ Different
cones are required for color vision so that they can
detect specific ranges of light and integrate them
together to form colors. The receptive field differs
depending on which cones are available to detect light,
and the color that is seen depends on that as well.
5. Why are multiple photopigments necessary to detect
colors and why don't rods contribute to color vision? -
ANSWER ✓ There are multiple photopigments
necessary to detect colors because all the different
cones detect different wavelengths and integrate them
to see varieties of colors.
,6. Rods don't contribute to color vision because they don't
interact with cones. They only interact amongst
themselves.
7. Many birds express a fourth color pigment that is
sensitive to UV light. How would their perception of
colors be different? - ANSWER ✓ They would have a
broader range of light with a different receptive field
8. Protanopia - ANSWER ✓ Lacking the long wavelength
photopigment
9. Deuteranopia - ANSWER ✓ Lacking the medium
wavelength photopigment
10. Tritanopia - ANSWER ✓ Lacking the short
wavelength photopigment
For the olfactory signal transduction pathway outlined
in question 1, outline the effects of the following drugs
and determine whether the sensitivity of the sense of
smell would be enhanced or decreased. Answer in terms
of immediate effects only
, A.) A drug that prevents the hydrolysis of GTP in
G proteins
B.) A kinase inhibitor
C.) a drug that prevents the re-association of the
heterotrimeric G-proteinsD.) a GRK inhibitor
D.) a PDE inhibitor - ANSWER ✓ A) a drug that
prevents the hydrolysis of GTP into G-
proteins: INCREASE- prevents GTP from
associating into GDP (active state)- continues
activation of AC
B) a kinase inhibitor: INCREASE
C) a drug that prevents the re-association of the
heterotrimeric G-proteins: DECREASE- beta-gamma
subunits continue activating GRK
D) a GRK inhibitor: INCREASE- arrestin would never
be able to block the odor
E) a PDE inhibitor: INCREASE- prevents breakdown
of cAMP[Inhibiting negative feedback ALWAYS
results in increased sensitivity.]
11. The glomeruli in the olfactory bulb are thought to be
fundamental units of organization in the olfactory
system. Why is this? What information comes into a
