BIO 189 Final Study Guide Overview: Key Topics from Chapters 1-15 2025 complete update College of Southern Nevada

BIO 189 Final Study Guide Overview: Key Topics from
Chapters 1-15 2025 complete update College of Southern
Nevada




BIO 189 Study Guide

Based on Campbell Biology Chapters 1–5

This guide is organized by topic for ease of study.

Exam 1: Chemistry (12 Questions)

Key Topics


1. Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
• Protons: Positive charge.
• Neutrons: Neutral charge.
• Electrons: Negative charge, orbiting around the nucleus.
2. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
• Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
• Atomic Mass: Total number of protons and neutrons.
3. Electron Configuration
• Electrons are organized in specific orbits (energy levels).

,• Key Rules:
• Electrons like to be paired.
• Orbits prefer to be full (e.g., 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in
the second).

, 4. Importance of Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen
• These elements are highly abundant in biological molecules due to
their bonding versatility.

Types of Chemical Bonds


1. Ionic Bonds (e.g., NaCl)
• Complete transfer of electrons.
• Forms charged ions (e.g., Na⁺ and Cl⁻).




2. Covalent Bonds
• Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons (e.g., H₂O).
• Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons (e.g., H₂).
3. Hydrogen Bonds