Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+
action potential
-Solution
The process by which excitable cells transmit information from
one to another.
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance?
(Hyperkalemia)
-Solution
The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes
more positive (hypopolarized).
Cells become MORE excitable.
T waves peak.
QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold potential
cardiac standstill occurs}
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance?
(Hypokalemia)
-Solution
The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes
more negative or hyper-polarized.
The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes longer, and
takes a stronger stimulus.
Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance?
(hypercalemia)
-Solution
Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the cell
permeability to calcium.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between
membrane potential and threshold potential widens).
The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depolarize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, shortened
QT wave, depressed T wave.
1
,How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance?
(hypocalemia)
-Solution
Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting membrane
potential gets hypo-polarized.
Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane potential get
closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Atrophy
-Solution
Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction in the
intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
hypertrophy
-Solution
Hormonal stimulation in response to increased demand than
causes an increase in cellular protien.
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ to get
larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart disease.
Hyperplasia
-Solution
Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors that activate
cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to
estrogen/progesterone imbalance.
Dysplasia
-Solution
abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in response
to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
2
, Metaplasia
-Solution
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial cells
(columnar) and the cells are replaced with squamous cells.
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells are
replaced with columnar type cells that are more like the intestine to
withstand the acidity of reflux.
hypoxic injury
-Solution
Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack of oxygen,
loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC production, cardiopulmonary
disease, ischemia and inflammation. Causes mitochondrial
disfunction ↓ decreased ATP production, ↑ anaerobic metabolism,
metabolism ceases, cell dies.
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular enzymes to
show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
Reperfusion injury
-Solution
Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic tissues.
Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced causing cell
membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Causes
opening of MPTP allowing ATP to escape causing apatosis.
Free radical and Reactive Oxygen Species
-Solution
Caused by a molecule with one unpaired electron. They will steal
from another electron and cause that electron to become a free
radical. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria (they are a free
radical subspecies)
-Caused by endothelial injury and leads to atherosclerosis.
3
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+
action potential
-Solution
The process by which excitable cells transmit information from
one to another.
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance?
(Hyperkalemia)
-Solution
The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes
more positive (hypopolarized).
Cells become MORE excitable.
T waves peak.
QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold potential
cardiac standstill occurs}
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance?
(Hypokalemia)
-Solution
The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes
more negative or hyper-polarized.
The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes longer, and
takes a stronger stimulus.
Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance?
(hypercalemia)
-Solution
Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the cell
permeability to calcium.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between
membrane potential and threshold potential widens).
The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depolarize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, shortened
QT wave, depressed T wave.
1
,How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance?
(hypocalemia)
-Solution
Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting membrane
potential gets hypo-polarized.
Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane potential get
closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Atrophy
-Solution
Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction in the
intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
hypertrophy
-Solution
Hormonal stimulation in response to increased demand than
causes an increase in cellular protien.
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ to get
larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart disease.
Hyperplasia
-Solution
Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors that activate
cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to
estrogen/progesterone imbalance.
Dysplasia
-Solution
abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in response
to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
2
, Metaplasia
-Solution
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial cells
(columnar) and the cells are replaced with squamous cells.
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells are
replaced with columnar type cells that are more like the intestine to
withstand the acidity of reflux.
hypoxic injury
-Solution
Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack of oxygen,
loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC production, cardiopulmonary
disease, ischemia and inflammation. Causes mitochondrial
disfunction ↓ decreased ATP production, ↑ anaerobic metabolism,
metabolism ceases, cell dies.
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular enzymes to
show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
Reperfusion injury
-Solution
Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic tissues.
Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced causing cell
membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Causes
opening of MPTP allowing ATP to escape causing apatosis.
Free radical and Reactive Oxygen Species
-Solution
Caused by a molecule with one unpaired electron. They will steal
from another electron and cause that electron to become a free
radical. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria (they are a free
radical subspecies)
-Caused by endothelial injury and leads to atherosclerosis.
3
