CMY3702
Assignment 1
DUE August 2025
, Illegal Trade in Endangered Species in South Africa: A Criminological Perspective
1. Introduction
South Africa is globally recognized for its exceptional biodiversity. However, it is
increasingly threatened by the illegal trade in endangered species. This form of crime
has evolved into a complex, transnational operation involving organized criminal
networks. The illegal wildlife trade has profound impacts — socially, economically, and
environmentally. This essay delves into the key factors fueling the illicit trade in
endangered species within South Africa and uses rhinoceros poaching as a case study
to highlight the dynamics of this type of crime.
2. Key Drivers of the Illegal Wildlife Trade
2.1 Global Demand for Animal Products
A major factor behind the illegal trade is the ongoing demand for animal-derived goods.
Items such as rhino horns, lion bones, and pangolin scales are especially sought after in
parts of Asia, where they are used in traditional medicine, fashion accessories, and as
status symbols. Despite scientific evidence disproving their medicinal effectiveness —
for instance, rhino horns are made of keratin, like human nails — these beliefs persist,
fueling a lucrative black market.
2.2 Poverty and Socio-Economic Marginalization
Poverty and unemployment, particularly in communities near wildlife reserves, are major
contributors to poaching. For many people living in these areas, poaching becomes a
survival strategy in the face of economic hardship. Limited job opportunities and a lack
of access to basic services can make illegal hunting seem like the only viable way to
earn an income.
2.3 Weak Law Enforcement and Corruption
Inadequate enforcement of wildlife protection laws and corruption within enforcement
agencies enable poaching syndicates to operate with relative impunity. Limited
Assignment 1
DUE August 2025
, Illegal Trade in Endangered Species in South Africa: A Criminological Perspective
1. Introduction
South Africa is globally recognized for its exceptional biodiversity. However, it is
increasingly threatened by the illegal trade in endangered species. This form of crime
has evolved into a complex, transnational operation involving organized criminal
networks. The illegal wildlife trade has profound impacts — socially, economically, and
environmentally. This essay delves into the key factors fueling the illicit trade in
endangered species within South Africa and uses rhinoceros poaching as a case study
to highlight the dynamics of this type of crime.
2. Key Drivers of the Illegal Wildlife Trade
2.1 Global Demand for Animal Products
A major factor behind the illegal trade is the ongoing demand for animal-derived goods.
Items such as rhino horns, lion bones, and pangolin scales are especially sought after in
parts of Asia, where they are used in traditional medicine, fashion accessories, and as
status symbols. Despite scientific evidence disproving their medicinal effectiveness —
for instance, rhino horns are made of keratin, like human nails — these beliefs persist,
fueling a lucrative black market.
2.2 Poverty and Socio-Economic Marginalization
Poverty and unemployment, particularly in communities near wildlife reserves, are major
contributors to poaching. For many people living in these areas, poaching becomes a
survival strategy in the face of economic hardship. Limited job opportunities and a lack
of access to basic services can make illegal hunting seem like the only viable way to
earn an income.
2.3 Weak Law Enforcement and Corruption
Inadequate enforcement of wildlife protection laws and corruption within enforcement
agencies enable poaching syndicates to operate with relative impunity. Limited
