MDC 4 - Exam 1 – Latest 2025 Version | with
Questions and Correct Answers | Verified &
Graded A+
migraine without aura(common migraine) - ANSWER✔✔-migraine begininning
without an aura before the onset of the headache. Pain aggrivated by
preforming routine physical activities, pain that is unilateral and pulsating one
of the following sysytems present- nausea/vomiting, photophobia(light
sensitivity) photophobia(sound sensitivity) headache lasting 4-72 hrs
atypical migraine - ANSWER✔✔-Status migrainous:
• Headache lasting longer than 72 hours
• Migrainous infarction:
• Neurologic symptoms not completely reversible within 7 days
• Ischemic infarct noted on neuroimaging
• Unclassified:
• Headache not fulfilling all of the criteria to be classified a migraine
Multiple sclerosis - ANSWER✔✔-autoimmune affects the muelin and nerve fibers,
remission and exacerbation. early indications- hx of vision,mobility and sesory
perception changes factors that trigger relapses-viruses and infectious agents,
cold climate,physical injury, pregnancy,fatigue, overexertion
,Migraine Headaches - ANSWER✔✔-phases of migraine with aura-
first,prodromal,phase
aura that develops over a period of several minutes and lasts no longer than 1
hour. Well-defined transient focal neurological dysfunction, pain may be
preceded by-visual disturbances, flashing lights, lines or spots, shimmering or
zigzag lights. neurologic changes including- numbness, aphasia, vertigo,
unilateral weakness, drowsiness
second phase-headache, unilateral, accompanied by nausea and vomiting,
unilateral frontotemportal throbbing pain
third phase- headache, nausea and vomitting usually lasting 4-72 hours
Meningitis - ANSWER✔✔-excruciating constant headache, nuchal rigidity(stiff
neck), photophobia(sensitivity to light), fever and chills, nausea and vomiting,
altered LOC. positive Kernig's sign, positive brudzinski sign, hyeractive deep
twndon reflexes, tachy,seizures, restlessness, rritability
tonic-clonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-lasting 2 to 5 minutes begins with a tonic phase
that causes stiffening or rigidity of the muscles, particularly of the arms and
legs, and immediate loss of consciousness. Clonic or rhythmic jerking (clonus)
of all extremities follows. Fatigue, acute confusion, and lethargy may last up to
an hour after the seizure.
tonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-an abrupt increase in muscle tone, loss of
consciousness, and autonomic changes lasting from 30 seconds to several
minutes
clonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-lasts several minutes and causes muscle contraction
and relaxation.
myoclonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-causes a brief jerking or stiffening of the
extremities clonic seizure that may occur singly or in groups. Lasting for just a
,few seconds, the contractions may be symmetric (both sides) or asymmetric
(one side).
atonic (akinetic) seizure - ANSWER✔✔-the patient has a sudden loss of muscle
tone, lasting for seconds, followed by postictal (after the seizure) confusion. Pt
fall. Most resistant to drug therapy.
Absence seizure - ANSWER✔✔-: loss of consciousness for 10-30 seconds. Typical in
adolescence. No motor or mild symmetrical act.
loss of consciousness for 10-30 seconds. Typical in adolescence. No motor or
mild symmetrical act. - ANSWER✔✔-, also called focal or local seizures, begin in a
part of one cerebral hemisphere. (2 classes). Mostly on adults, less responsive
to medical tx.
Complex partial seizures - ANSWER✔✔-also known as psychomotor seizures or
temporal lobe seizures because they occur most often on the temporal lobe).
may cause loss of consciousness (syncope), or "blackout," for 1 to 3 minutes.
Characteristic automatisms may occur as in absence seizures. The patient is
unaware of the environment and may wander at the start of the seizure. In the
period after the seizure, he or she may have amnesia (loss of memory).
automatisms (behaviors that the client is unaware of, such as lip smacking or
picking at clothes).
Seizure precautions and safety - ANSWER✔✔-Airway, oxygen, suction, IV, padded
side rails.
Status Epilepticus - ANSWER✔✔-Status epilepticus is a medical emergency and is a
prolonged seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or repeated seizures over the
course of 30 minutes. Seizures lasting longer than 10 minutes can cause death!
, causes- withdrawl from antipileptic drugs,infection,alcohol or drug
withdrawal,head trauma,cerebral edema
Increased ICP - ANSWER✔✔-first sign- declining LOC
late sign- severe headache,nausea,vomiting(often projectile) seizures
interventions0 elevate hob 30 degrees, avoid sudden and acute hip or neck
flexion during positioning, hyperoxygenate the patient before and after
suctioning
meds-mannitol
Mannitol - ANSWER✔✔-an osmotic diuretic used to treat cerebral edema. When
used for increased ICP, the medication draws fluid from the brain into the
blood.
Administer IV to treat acute cerebral edema.
Insert indwelling urinary catheter to monitor fluid and renal status.
Monitor electrolytes and osmolality closely.
· Cushing's triad - ANSWER✔✔-Widening pulse pressure, HTN, bradycardia,
irregular respirations.
TIAs - ANSWER✔✔-Manifestations of a TIA resolve within 1-24 hours without any
permanent deficits. Symptoms resolve within 30-60 minsbut may last as long as
24 hr. May indicate a stroke will happen.
Thrombotic strokes - ANSWER✔✔-tend to have a slow onset, evolving over
minutes to hours. commonly associated with the development of
atherosclerosis in either intracranial or extracranial arteries (usually the carotid
arteries).
Questions and Correct Answers | Verified &
Graded A+
migraine without aura(common migraine) - ANSWER✔✔-migraine begininning
without an aura before the onset of the headache. Pain aggrivated by
preforming routine physical activities, pain that is unilateral and pulsating one
of the following sysytems present- nausea/vomiting, photophobia(light
sensitivity) photophobia(sound sensitivity) headache lasting 4-72 hrs
atypical migraine - ANSWER✔✔-Status migrainous:
• Headache lasting longer than 72 hours
• Migrainous infarction:
• Neurologic symptoms not completely reversible within 7 days
• Ischemic infarct noted on neuroimaging
• Unclassified:
• Headache not fulfilling all of the criteria to be classified a migraine
Multiple sclerosis - ANSWER✔✔-autoimmune affects the muelin and nerve fibers,
remission and exacerbation. early indications- hx of vision,mobility and sesory
perception changes factors that trigger relapses-viruses and infectious agents,
cold climate,physical injury, pregnancy,fatigue, overexertion
,Migraine Headaches - ANSWER✔✔-phases of migraine with aura-
first,prodromal,phase
aura that develops over a period of several minutes and lasts no longer than 1
hour. Well-defined transient focal neurological dysfunction, pain may be
preceded by-visual disturbances, flashing lights, lines or spots, shimmering or
zigzag lights. neurologic changes including- numbness, aphasia, vertigo,
unilateral weakness, drowsiness
second phase-headache, unilateral, accompanied by nausea and vomiting,
unilateral frontotemportal throbbing pain
third phase- headache, nausea and vomitting usually lasting 4-72 hours
Meningitis - ANSWER✔✔-excruciating constant headache, nuchal rigidity(stiff
neck), photophobia(sensitivity to light), fever and chills, nausea and vomiting,
altered LOC. positive Kernig's sign, positive brudzinski sign, hyeractive deep
twndon reflexes, tachy,seizures, restlessness, rritability
tonic-clonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-lasting 2 to 5 minutes begins with a tonic phase
that causes stiffening or rigidity of the muscles, particularly of the arms and
legs, and immediate loss of consciousness. Clonic or rhythmic jerking (clonus)
of all extremities follows. Fatigue, acute confusion, and lethargy may last up to
an hour after the seizure.
tonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-an abrupt increase in muscle tone, loss of
consciousness, and autonomic changes lasting from 30 seconds to several
minutes
clonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-lasts several minutes and causes muscle contraction
and relaxation.
myoclonic seizure - ANSWER✔✔-causes a brief jerking or stiffening of the
extremities clonic seizure that may occur singly or in groups. Lasting for just a
,few seconds, the contractions may be symmetric (both sides) or asymmetric
(one side).
atonic (akinetic) seizure - ANSWER✔✔-the patient has a sudden loss of muscle
tone, lasting for seconds, followed by postictal (after the seizure) confusion. Pt
fall. Most resistant to drug therapy.
Absence seizure - ANSWER✔✔-: loss of consciousness for 10-30 seconds. Typical in
adolescence. No motor or mild symmetrical act.
loss of consciousness for 10-30 seconds. Typical in adolescence. No motor or
mild symmetrical act. - ANSWER✔✔-, also called focal or local seizures, begin in a
part of one cerebral hemisphere. (2 classes). Mostly on adults, less responsive
to medical tx.
Complex partial seizures - ANSWER✔✔-also known as psychomotor seizures or
temporal lobe seizures because they occur most often on the temporal lobe).
may cause loss of consciousness (syncope), or "blackout," for 1 to 3 minutes.
Characteristic automatisms may occur as in absence seizures. The patient is
unaware of the environment and may wander at the start of the seizure. In the
period after the seizure, he or she may have amnesia (loss of memory).
automatisms (behaviors that the client is unaware of, such as lip smacking or
picking at clothes).
Seizure precautions and safety - ANSWER✔✔-Airway, oxygen, suction, IV, padded
side rails.
Status Epilepticus - ANSWER✔✔-Status epilepticus is a medical emergency and is a
prolonged seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or repeated seizures over the
course of 30 minutes. Seizures lasting longer than 10 minutes can cause death!
, causes- withdrawl from antipileptic drugs,infection,alcohol or drug
withdrawal,head trauma,cerebral edema
Increased ICP - ANSWER✔✔-first sign- declining LOC
late sign- severe headache,nausea,vomiting(often projectile) seizures
interventions0 elevate hob 30 degrees, avoid sudden and acute hip or neck
flexion during positioning, hyperoxygenate the patient before and after
suctioning
meds-mannitol
Mannitol - ANSWER✔✔-an osmotic diuretic used to treat cerebral edema. When
used for increased ICP, the medication draws fluid from the brain into the
blood.
Administer IV to treat acute cerebral edema.
Insert indwelling urinary catheter to monitor fluid and renal status.
Monitor electrolytes and osmolality closely.
· Cushing's triad - ANSWER✔✔-Widening pulse pressure, HTN, bradycardia,
irregular respirations.
TIAs - ANSWER✔✔-Manifestations of a TIA resolve within 1-24 hours without any
permanent deficits. Symptoms resolve within 30-60 minsbut may last as long as
24 hr. May indicate a stroke will happen.
Thrombotic strokes - ANSWER✔✔-tend to have a slow onset, evolving over
minutes to hours. commonly associated with the development of
atherosclerosis in either intracranial or extracranial arteries (usually the carotid
arteries).
