CLASS – XII
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH?
World Health Organisation (WHO) defines: Reproductive health is a total
well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e., physical, emotional,
behavioural & social.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES
India initiated reproductive health programmes (family planning) in
1951.
Wider reproduction-related areas are in operation under the
Reproductive & Child Health Care (RCH) programmes.
Such programmes deal the following:
Give awareness about reproduction related aspects for creating a
reproductively healthy society.
Educate people about birth control, care of pregnant mothers, post-natal
care of mother & child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities
for male & female child etc.
Awareness of problems due to population explosion, social evils like sex-
abuse and sex-related crimes, etc.
Aims & needs of sex education in schools:
To provide right information about sex-related aspects. It helps to avoid
sex-related myths and misconceptions.
To give proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and
related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted
diseases (STD), AIDS etc.
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL
In 1900, the world population was around 2 billion (2000 million). By
2000, it rocketed to about 6 billion.
In India, population was nearly 350 million at the time of independence.
It reached 1 billion by 2000 and crossed 1.2 billion in May 2011. It means
every sixth person in the world is an Indian.
According to the 2011 census report, our population growth rate was
less than 2% (i.e. 20/1000/year), a rate at which our population could
, increase rapidly.
Reasons for population explosion
Increased health facilities and better living conditions.
A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant
mortality rate (IMR).
Increase in number of people in reproducible age.
Impacts of population
explosion Scarcity of basic requirements (food, shelter and clothing).
Control measures
Motivate smaller families by using contraceptive methods.
Aware peoples about a slogan Hum Do Hamare Do (we two, our two).
Many couples have adopted a 'one child norm'.
Statutory rising of marriageable age of females (18 years) and males (21
years).
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Properties of an ideal contraceptives
User-friendly, easily available, Effective, Reversible, No or least side-
effects, should not interfere with sexual drive, desire & sexual act.
1. Natural/Traditional methods
➤ Periodic abstinence: Avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual
cycle (fertile period).
➤ Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal): Withdraw penis from the vagina just
before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
➤ Lactational amenorrhea: It is the absence of menstrual cycle &
ovulation due to intense lactation after parturition. This method helps to
prevent conception. This is effective up to 6 months following parturition.
It has no side effect. But chances of failure are high.
2. Barriers
They prevent physical meetings of sperm & ovum. E.g. Condoms,
Diaphragms, cervical caps & vaults.
Condoms
Made of rubber/latex sheath.
Condoms for male: Cover the penis.
Condoms for female: Cover the vagina & cervix.
Condoms are used just before coitus. They prevent the entry of semen
into female reproductive tract. 'Nirodh': Popular condoms for males.
Why Condoms are very popular?
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH?
World Health Organisation (WHO) defines: Reproductive health is a total
well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e., physical, emotional,
behavioural & social.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES
India initiated reproductive health programmes (family planning) in
1951.
Wider reproduction-related areas are in operation under the
Reproductive & Child Health Care (RCH) programmes.
Such programmes deal the following:
Give awareness about reproduction related aspects for creating a
reproductively healthy society.
Educate people about birth control, care of pregnant mothers, post-natal
care of mother & child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities
for male & female child etc.
Awareness of problems due to population explosion, social evils like sex-
abuse and sex-related crimes, etc.
Aims & needs of sex education in schools:
To provide right information about sex-related aspects. It helps to avoid
sex-related myths and misconceptions.
To give proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and
related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted
diseases (STD), AIDS etc.
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL
In 1900, the world population was around 2 billion (2000 million). By
2000, it rocketed to about 6 billion.
In India, population was nearly 350 million at the time of independence.
It reached 1 billion by 2000 and crossed 1.2 billion in May 2011. It means
every sixth person in the world is an Indian.
According to the 2011 census report, our population growth rate was
less than 2% (i.e. 20/1000/year), a rate at which our population could
, increase rapidly.
Reasons for population explosion
Increased health facilities and better living conditions.
A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant
mortality rate (IMR).
Increase in number of people in reproducible age.
Impacts of population
explosion Scarcity of basic requirements (food, shelter and clothing).
Control measures
Motivate smaller families by using contraceptive methods.
Aware peoples about a slogan Hum Do Hamare Do (we two, our two).
Many couples have adopted a 'one child norm'.
Statutory rising of marriageable age of females (18 years) and males (21
years).
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Properties of an ideal contraceptives
User-friendly, easily available, Effective, Reversible, No or least side-
effects, should not interfere with sexual drive, desire & sexual act.
1. Natural/Traditional methods
➤ Periodic abstinence: Avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual
cycle (fertile period).
➤ Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal): Withdraw penis from the vagina just
before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
➤ Lactational amenorrhea: It is the absence of menstrual cycle &
ovulation due to intense lactation after parturition. This method helps to
prevent conception. This is effective up to 6 months following parturition.
It has no side effect. But chances of failure are high.
2. Barriers
They prevent physical meetings of sperm & ovum. E.g. Condoms,
Diaphragms, cervical caps & vaults.
Condoms
Made of rubber/latex sheath.
Condoms for male: Cover the penis.
Condoms for female: Cover the vagina & cervix.
Condoms are used just before coitus. They prevent the entry of semen
into female reproductive tract. 'Nirodh': Popular condoms for males.
Why Condoms are very popular?
