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Samenvatting Psychologie & psychomotoriek: 'Aandacht'

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Samenvatting vak psychologie en psychomotoriek uit FASE 2. Deel psychologie: 'Aandacht' Dit document komt overeen met hoorcollege 3 en is gebaseerd op de powerpoint en lesopname. Gedoceerd door Marc Roelands

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Uploaded on
November 3, 2020
Number of pages
8
Written in
2020/2021
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Aandacht
= het focussen van onze geest


Inhoud
Wat is aandacht? ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Selectieve aandacht ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Filteren ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Dichotische luistertaak ................................................................................................................................ 3
Filtertheorie ~Broadbent............................................................................................................................. 3
Cocktail-party fenomeen............................................................................................................................. 3
Attenuatietheorie ~Treisman ...................................................................................................................... 4
Pertinentie ~Norman .................................................................................................................................. 4
Schemata ~Neisser...................................................................................................................................... 4
Richten van aandacht (oriënteren) .................................................................................................................. 5
Aandachtsverschuiving ............................................................................................................................... 5
Spot light model .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Zoeken............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Pop-up effect .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Saliëntiekaart .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Geïntegreerd model........................................................................................................................................ 7
Voor- en nadelen van selectieve aandacht ...................................................................................................... 7
Verdeelde aandacht............................................................................................................................................ 8
Geautomatiseerd vs gecontroleerd ................................................................................................................. 8
Strooptaak ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

, Klassieke definitie ~William James
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of
what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration of
consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others…”

 “Taking possession of the mind…”
− Aandacht heeft een willekeurig aspect (gericht).

 “… of one out of what seem several simultaneous possible objects or trains of thought…”
− Aandacht heeft een beperkte capaciteit.
− Aandacht voor de interne of externe wereld.

 “… withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others…”
− Negeren is een actief proces.
− Kiezen is verliezen.



Wat is aandacht?
Visie van de cognitieve theorie/informatieverwerkingstheorie:
» Mensen zijn informatieverwerkende wezens. Ze moeten de kennis van de wereld beheersen om er zich
in te kunnen handhaven. De informatiestroom is continu aanwezig.
» De mens is echter niet in staat om al deze informatie te verwerken. De verwerkingsmogelijkheden zijn
gelimiteerd.
» Er bestaan mechanismen in het brein om informatie te filteren, selecteren, blokkeren of onderdrukken.
» Aandacht is een manier om een massieve parallelle input om te zetten in een gelimiteerde,
opeenvolgende input die verwerkt kan worden.



Selectieve aandacht
De mens heeft een beperkte capaciteit voor mentaal werk.

 Selectieve aandacht = het vermogen om zich te richten op bepaalde kenmerken van de omgeving
met uitsluiting van andere.

HOE gebeurt die selectie?
Op basis van WAT gebeurt die selectie?

filteren van stimuli
oriënteren, richten van aandacht
zoeken
voor- en nadelen

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