3/22/24, 5:52 PM PathoPhysiology Midterm review question and answers
Anatomy and Physiology Midterm A – Review
1. Which of the following describes atelectasis:
a) Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
b) Partial or full collapse of the lung
c) Obstruction of the pulmonary artery
d) Episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction
A – pleural effusion – Causes are related to type of fluid – Exudative fluid due to
inflammation; increased cap permeability allows fluid containing protein and WBCs to
leak into pleural cavity. Transudate fluid effusion aka hydrothorax – can occur secondary
to liver or kidney disease; result of increased hydrostatic pressure (pulmonary htn) or
decreased osmotic pressure in blood vessels leading to a shift of fluid out of blood vessels
into the pleural space.
C – Pulmonary embolus – blood clot or mass of other material that obstructs the
pulmonary artery or a branch of it resulting in a blockage of the flow of blood through the
lung tissue. Embolus vs thrombus??? What is most common cause (DVT)??? Look at pic
on P 311 for visual of PE. Know the s/s. What is a risk factor for DVT?
D – Ashtma – periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in persons
with hypersensitive or hyperresponsibe airways. Cf. chronic asthma (chronic obstructive
lung disease) frequent repeated attacks of acute asthma leading to irreversible damage in
the lungs.
What are possible causes of atelectasis?
Possible causes of nonobstructive atelectasis include: Injury. Chest trauma — from a fall
or car accident, for example — can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths (due to the
pain), which can result in compression of your lungs. Pleural effusion.
2. Which of the following is true about Instrinsic asthma?
a. Onset in childhood.
b. Can resolve in adolescence.
c. Onset in adulthood
d. Linked to familial history of allergies or eczema.
A,B, and D – extrinsic asthma.
3. Influenza, compared to the common cold, has many systemic effects such as fever,
fatigue, malaise, headache, and anorexia
a. True
b. False
4. Does an ABG test measure oxygen in blood before or after it reaches the tissues?
a) Before
b) After
5. What is pulmonary edema?
a. Fluid collection in alveoli and interstital space in the lungs.
b. Occlusion of pulmonary blood vessel.
c. Abnormal dilation or widening of bronchi.
d. Collection of pus in the pleural cavity.
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, 3/22/24, 5:52 PM PathoPhysiology Midterm review question and answers
B – PE
C- Bronchiectasis
D – Empyema
Digestive System
6.Which of the following are causes of cirrhosis:
a) Alcoholic liver disease
b) Fatty diet
c) Biliary cirrhosis
d) NSAID addiction
7. Identify the following symptoms as belonging to Crohn’s or Ulcerative colitis.
-Most commonly affects the small intestine
-Stool is watery with blood and mucus
-Granulomas due to chronic inflammation
-Characteristic ‘skip lesions’
-malabsorption, malnutrition is common
-Lesions are continuous and diffuse
-Is limited to the rectum and colon
8.Match the following
a) Produced by the liver i. Cholecystitis
b) Hematemisis ii. Hidden blood in stool
c) Inflammation of the gall bladder iii. Enlarged liver
d) Melena iv. Tarry black stool
e) Steatorrhea v. Coffee ground emesis
f) Hepatomegaly vi. Bile
g) Dysphagia vii. An open, crater like lesion
h) Ulcer viii. Difficult or painful swallowing
i) Occult blood ix. Fatty bulky stool
9. Cholelithiasis – presence of gallstones; Cholangitis – inflammation of bile ducts
usually related to infection. Choledocholithiasis – obstruction by gallstones of the biliary
tract.
10. Why would a person experience melena?
Melena is the medical term used by your doctor to describe this type of stool when it is
caused by bleeding from high up in the intestinal tract.
This can have different causes but if it is dark black and has a sticky, tarry, loose
consistency and is like diarrhea it will probably indicate that you are bleeding from
somewhere in the intestinal tract.
Normally the bleeding site will be in the esophagus (the food pipe), the stomach or the
duodenum (the first part of the small intestine attached to the stomach).
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Anatomy and Physiology Midterm A – Review
1. Which of the following describes atelectasis:
a) Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
b) Partial or full collapse of the lung
c) Obstruction of the pulmonary artery
d) Episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction
A – pleural effusion – Causes are related to type of fluid – Exudative fluid due to
inflammation; increased cap permeability allows fluid containing protein and WBCs to
leak into pleural cavity. Transudate fluid effusion aka hydrothorax – can occur secondary
to liver or kidney disease; result of increased hydrostatic pressure (pulmonary htn) or
decreased osmotic pressure in blood vessels leading to a shift of fluid out of blood vessels
into the pleural space.
C – Pulmonary embolus – blood clot or mass of other material that obstructs the
pulmonary artery or a branch of it resulting in a blockage of the flow of blood through the
lung tissue. Embolus vs thrombus??? What is most common cause (DVT)??? Look at pic
on P 311 for visual of PE. Know the s/s. What is a risk factor for DVT?
D – Ashtma – periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in persons
with hypersensitive or hyperresponsibe airways. Cf. chronic asthma (chronic obstructive
lung disease) frequent repeated attacks of acute asthma leading to irreversible damage in
the lungs.
What are possible causes of atelectasis?
Possible causes of nonobstructive atelectasis include: Injury. Chest trauma — from a fall
or car accident, for example — can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths (due to the
pain), which can result in compression of your lungs. Pleural effusion.
2. Which of the following is true about Instrinsic asthma?
a. Onset in childhood.
b. Can resolve in adolescence.
c. Onset in adulthood
d. Linked to familial history of allergies or eczema.
A,B, and D – extrinsic asthma.
3. Influenza, compared to the common cold, has many systemic effects such as fever,
fatigue, malaise, headache, and anorexia
a. True
b. False
4. Does an ABG test measure oxygen in blood before or after it reaches the tissues?
a) Before
b) After
5. What is pulmonary edema?
a. Fluid collection in alveoli and interstital space in the lungs.
b. Occlusion of pulmonary blood vessel.
c. Abnormal dilation or widening of bronchi.
d. Collection of pus in the pleural cavity.
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, 3/22/24, 5:52 PM PathoPhysiology Midterm review question and answers
B – PE
C- Bronchiectasis
D – Empyema
Digestive System
6.Which of the following are causes of cirrhosis:
a) Alcoholic liver disease
b) Fatty diet
c) Biliary cirrhosis
d) NSAID addiction
7. Identify the following symptoms as belonging to Crohn’s or Ulcerative colitis.
-Most commonly affects the small intestine
-Stool is watery with blood and mucus
-Granulomas due to chronic inflammation
-Characteristic ‘skip lesions’
-malabsorption, malnutrition is common
-Lesions are continuous and diffuse
-Is limited to the rectum and colon
8.Match the following
a) Produced by the liver i. Cholecystitis
b) Hematemisis ii. Hidden blood in stool
c) Inflammation of the gall bladder iii. Enlarged liver
d) Melena iv. Tarry black stool
e) Steatorrhea v. Coffee ground emesis
f) Hepatomegaly vi. Bile
g) Dysphagia vii. An open, crater like lesion
h) Ulcer viii. Difficult or painful swallowing
i) Occult blood ix. Fatty bulky stool
9. Cholelithiasis – presence of gallstones; Cholangitis – inflammation of bile ducts
usually related to infection. Choledocholithiasis – obstruction by gallstones of the biliary
tract.
10. Why would a person experience melena?
Melena is the medical term used by your doctor to describe this type of stool when it is
caused by bleeding from high up in the intestinal tract.
This can have different causes but if it is dark black and has a sticky, tarry, loose
consistency and is like diarrhea it will probably indicate that you are bleeding from
somewhere in the intestinal tract.
Normally the bleeding site will be in the esophagus (the food pipe), the stomach or the
duodenum (the first part of the small intestine attached to the stomach).
about:blank 2/8
