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NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Insulin use - correct answer- Insulin is used to treat all patients
with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two
amino acid chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide
bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets
of langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating
a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and
buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - correct answer- Insulin promotes
glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled into proteins,
fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into
amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Metformin use - correct answer- Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other
drugs. can be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes, GDM,
PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of
glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
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Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - correct answer- go to pancreas and
increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors).
(gliflozins) - correct answer- Example: empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces
cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - correct answer- injectables that slow
gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed
pancreas.
solfonylureas - correct answer- stimulate pancreas to release
more insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are
only used for type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and
second generation. second are more potent and doses are
lower and drug drug interactions are less common
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AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - correct answer- a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of
oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays digestion
and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial
hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - correct answer-
hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol),
hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking agents.
Sitagliptin - correct answer- DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and
suppresses postprandial release of glycogen. both actions help
keep BG from climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
NU 578 UNIT 4 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Insulin use - correct answer- Insulin is used to treat all patients
with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two
amino acid chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide
bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets
of langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating
a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and
buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - correct answer- Insulin promotes
glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled into proteins,
fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into
amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
Metformin use - correct answer- Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other
drugs. can be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes, GDM,
PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of
glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
,2 | Page
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - correct answer- go to pancreas and
increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors).
(gliflozins) - correct answer- Example: empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces
cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE: yeast infections and genital gangrene
Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - correct answer- injectables that slow
gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed
pancreas.
solfonylureas - correct answer- stimulate pancreas to release
more insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are
only used for type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and
second generation. second are more potent and doses are
lower and drug drug interactions are less common
, 3 | Page
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - correct answer- a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of
oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays digestion
and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial
hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - correct answer-
hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol),
hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic blocking agents.
Sitagliptin - correct answer- DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and
suppresses postprandial release of glycogen. both actions help
keep BG from climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
