Final Exam Study Guide ESC 100
questions and answers A+ rated
Geology - correct answer ✔✔Study of the Earth. Two types: physical and historical.
Meteorology - correct answer ✔✔A science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena
and especially with weather and weather forecasting.
Oceanography - correct answer ✔✔The branch of science that deals with the physical and
biological properties and phenomena of the sea.
Astronomy - correct answer ✔✔The branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space,
and the physical universe as a whole.
The difference between a positive feedback and a negative feedback. - correct answer
✔✔Positive feedback: A feedback that increases an initial warming is called a
Negative feedback: A feedback that reduces an initial warming is a
5 parts to the definition of a mineral - correct answer ✔✔A substance must meet five
requirements: naturally occurring. inorganic. solid. definite chemical composition. Instruction of
atom
The physical properties of minerals - correct answer ✔✔Color, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage
(breaks smoothly) or Fracture, Crystalline Structure, Diaphaneity or Amount of Transparency,
Tenacity, Magnetism, Luster, Odor, Taste, Specific Gravity
, What are the two most common elements in earth's crust? - correct answer ✔✔Oxygen and
silicon
The rock cycle. All the terminology and the 3 types of rocks are important. - correct answer
✔✔Sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of
its equilibrium conditions. Magma, igneous = Crystallization
What texture to an igneous rock tells us - correct answer ✔✔-The first set of textures focuses on
the size of mineral crystals. Crystal size primarily reflects the rate of cooling, but is also often
strongly affected by rock composition (especially water or gas content).
-Cooling history. Can't see minerals with naked eye it cooled quickly.
What primary way are detrital sedimentary rocks identified? - correct answer ✔✔Are
distinguished by particle size (Texture). Shales and mudstones/siltstones are composed of silt
and clay-sized grains. Sandstones are composed of sand-sized grains.
What is the most important agent in metamorphism? - correct answer ✔✔Heat
What happens when water freezes (and by how much)? What is this physical weathering
process called? - correct answer ✔✔When water freezes in a crack in rock, the rock slowly
expands and makes the crack bigger. Expands by 9% in volume.
The difference between physical and chemical weathering - correct answer ✔✔While physical
weathering breaks down a rock's physical structure, chemical weathering alters a rock's
chemical composition.
The order of the soil horizons - correct answer ✔✔O Horizon: Top of a profile, derived from
plant and animal litter that was deposited on the surface transformed into humus.
questions and answers A+ rated
Geology - correct answer ✔✔Study of the Earth. Two types: physical and historical.
Meteorology - correct answer ✔✔A science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena
and especially with weather and weather forecasting.
Oceanography - correct answer ✔✔The branch of science that deals with the physical and
biological properties and phenomena of the sea.
Astronomy - correct answer ✔✔The branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space,
and the physical universe as a whole.
The difference between a positive feedback and a negative feedback. - correct answer
✔✔Positive feedback: A feedback that increases an initial warming is called a
Negative feedback: A feedback that reduces an initial warming is a
5 parts to the definition of a mineral - correct answer ✔✔A substance must meet five
requirements: naturally occurring. inorganic. solid. definite chemical composition. Instruction of
atom
The physical properties of minerals - correct answer ✔✔Color, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage
(breaks smoothly) or Fracture, Crystalline Structure, Diaphaneity or Amount of Transparency,
Tenacity, Magnetism, Luster, Odor, Taste, Specific Gravity
, What are the two most common elements in earth's crust? - correct answer ✔✔Oxygen and
silicon
The rock cycle. All the terminology and the 3 types of rocks are important. - correct answer
✔✔Sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of
its equilibrium conditions. Magma, igneous = Crystallization
What texture to an igneous rock tells us - correct answer ✔✔-The first set of textures focuses on
the size of mineral crystals. Crystal size primarily reflects the rate of cooling, but is also often
strongly affected by rock composition (especially water or gas content).
-Cooling history. Can't see minerals with naked eye it cooled quickly.
What primary way are detrital sedimentary rocks identified? - correct answer ✔✔Are
distinguished by particle size (Texture). Shales and mudstones/siltstones are composed of silt
and clay-sized grains. Sandstones are composed of sand-sized grains.
What is the most important agent in metamorphism? - correct answer ✔✔Heat
What happens when water freezes (and by how much)? What is this physical weathering
process called? - correct answer ✔✔When water freezes in a crack in rock, the rock slowly
expands and makes the crack bigger. Expands by 9% in volume.
The difference between physical and chemical weathering - correct answer ✔✔While physical
weathering breaks down a rock's physical structure, chemical weathering alters a rock's
chemical composition.
The order of the soil horizons - correct answer ✔✔O Horizon: Top of a profile, derived from
plant and animal litter that was deposited on the surface transformed into humus.
