HCAD 222 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2025 WITH
QUESTIONS and DETAILED ANSWERS
GRADED A+|ASSURED SUCCESS
Age-related changes in sleep - CORRECT ANSWER-Basal sleep needs remain stable (7-8 hrs)
until 80+, then increases slightly. Patterns in change include: time in bed increases, sleep is lighter, onset
to sleep lengthens, awakenings more frequent, naps more common, resp. disorders, "early-to-be-early-
to-rise"
Senior vulnerability to alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER-2-10% of those 65+, leads to depression
and cognitive deficits, common health problems include cardiovascular, cirrhosis of liver, seizure
disorders, pneumonia, and UTI's.
*Becomes much more dangerous as we age
,Events that might lead to an increasingly vulnerability to alcoholism - CORRECT ANSWER--
Retirement
-Death of spouse
-Medical illness, pain, disability
-Loneliness
Benefits to smoking cessation (quitting) - CORRECT ANSWER--Live longer
-Before the age of 50, half the risk of dying in the next 15 years
-Decrease cancer risk: lung, laryngeal, esophageal, oral, pancreatic, bladder and cervical cancers
"Flight or fight" response - CORRECT ANSWER-Response of the sympathetic nervous system to
a stressful event, preparing the body to fight or flee.
Stress: Sympathetic N.S.
Relax: Parasympathetic N.S.
Healthier ways of coping with stress - CORRECT ANSWER--Relaxation strategies:
Diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, neuromuscular exercise, visualization/imagery,
massage
-Support network
-Eliminate stressors
-Change cognitions/reactions
-Take a break!
Aging/Health impacts on sexuality - CORRECT ANSWER--Relationships aspects of sexuality
become more important
-A second "peak" once "empty nest"
Intimacy/relationships - CORRECT ANSWER-Women: menopause
,Men: increased time to arousal, shorter duration, erectile dysfunction
Ways to compensate?
Health conditions that affect sexuality - CORRECT ANSWER-Medications, surgery, traumas,
illness (cancer, vascular system, neurological conditions), chronic pain, incontinence
STD's/HIV 50+ - CORRECT ANSWER--50+ has the fastest growing HIV rates
-Gender ratios
-Cohort differences
Privacy - CORRECT ANSWER-Caregivers should consider giving privacy to elders in LTC or
assisted-living who are sexually active.
Issues with sex in the nursing home - CORRECT ANSWER--Cognitive ability
-Autonomy resident rights
-Physical space
-Staff attitudes
-Safety risks, including STD's
Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER-While fluid intelligence involved out
current ability to reason and deal with complex information around us, crystallized intelligence involves
learning, knowledge and skills that are acquired over a lifetime.
"Classic aging pattern"-what changes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Age-related declined in verbal and
performance intelligence among people 60 or older
"Whats bad for the heart is bad for the brain" - CORRECT ANSWER-Smoking, diabetes, other
things that harm physical health linked to poorer mental function
Wisdom - CORRECT ANSWER-The acquisition of practical expertise in everyday life
, Decrement with compensation - CORRECT ANSWER-Declined in cognitive ability among older
people can often be compensated for by the expertise acquired with aging
Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional - CORRECT ANSWER-Cross-sectional studies make comparisons
at single point in time while longitudinal studies make comparisons over time
Normal cognitive changes in aging - CORRECT ANSWER--Processing speed?
-Divided attention
-Memory?
-Visual-spatial?
-Executive abilities?
-BUT language stays intact
Cognitive training/'uses it or lose it" - CORRECT ANSWER--Cognitive decline is less in those
who engage more frequently in ADL's
-There are normal cognitive declines associated with aging, but don't have to interfere with functioning
-Some crystallized intelligence, creativity, and wisdom continue to develop with age
-We can take control by: Changing our own perceptions/attitudes to facilitate better adaption-find new
roles, Engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, Find ways to draw on strengths and
compensate/cognitive training
Depression in elderly-who? Risk factors? often masked, why? - CORRECT ANSWER-Men: 5-
12%
Women: 10-25%
% Primary Care
% Nursing home
% Inpaitent setting
% of outpt. and inpt. psychiatry
QUESTIONS and DETAILED ANSWERS
GRADED A+|ASSURED SUCCESS
Age-related changes in sleep - CORRECT ANSWER-Basal sleep needs remain stable (7-8 hrs)
until 80+, then increases slightly. Patterns in change include: time in bed increases, sleep is lighter, onset
to sleep lengthens, awakenings more frequent, naps more common, resp. disorders, "early-to-be-early-
to-rise"
Senior vulnerability to alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER-2-10% of those 65+, leads to depression
and cognitive deficits, common health problems include cardiovascular, cirrhosis of liver, seizure
disorders, pneumonia, and UTI's.
*Becomes much more dangerous as we age
,Events that might lead to an increasingly vulnerability to alcoholism - CORRECT ANSWER--
Retirement
-Death of spouse
-Medical illness, pain, disability
-Loneliness
Benefits to smoking cessation (quitting) - CORRECT ANSWER--Live longer
-Before the age of 50, half the risk of dying in the next 15 years
-Decrease cancer risk: lung, laryngeal, esophageal, oral, pancreatic, bladder and cervical cancers
"Flight or fight" response - CORRECT ANSWER-Response of the sympathetic nervous system to
a stressful event, preparing the body to fight or flee.
Stress: Sympathetic N.S.
Relax: Parasympathetic N.S.
Healthier ways of coping with stress - CORRECT ANSWER--Relaxation strategies:
Diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, neuromuscular exercise, visualization/imagery,
massage
-Support network
-Eliminate stressors
-Change cognitions/reactions
-Take a break!
Aging/Health impacts on sexuality - CORRECT ANSWER--Relationships aspects of sexuality
become more important
-A second "peak" once "empty nest"
Intimacy/relationships - CORRECT ANSWER-Women: menopause
,Men: increased time to arousal, shorter duration, erectile dysfunction
Ways to compensate?
Health conditions that affect sexuality - CORRECT ANSWER-Medications, surgery, traumas,
illness (cancer, vascular system, neurological conditions), chronic pain, incontinence
STD's/HIV 50+ - CORRECT ANSWER--50+ has the fastest growing HIV rates
-Gender ratios
-Cohort differences
Privacy - CORRECT ANSWER-Caregivers should consider giving privacy to elders in LTC or
assisted-living who are sexually active.
Issues with sex in the nursing home - CORRECT ANSWER--Cognitive ability
-Autonomy resident rights
-Physical space
-Staff attitudes
-Safety risks, including STD's
Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER-While fluid intelligence involved out
current ability to reason and deal with complex information around us, crystallized intelligence involves
learning, knowledge and skills that are acquired over a lifetime.
"Classic aging pattern"-what changes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Age-related declined in verbal and
performance intelligence among people 60 or older
"Whats bad for the heart is bad for the brain" - CORRECT ANSWER-Smoking, diabetes, other
things that harm physical health linked to poorer mental function
Wisdom - CORRECT ANSWER-The acquisition of practical expertise in everyday life
, Decrement with compensation - CORRECT ANSWER-Declined in cognitive ability among older
people can often be compensated for by the expertise acquired with aging
Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional - CORRECT ANSWER-Cross-sectional studies make comparisons
at single point in time while longitudinal studies make comparisons over time
Normal cognitive changes in aging - CORRECT ANSWER--Processing speed?
-Divided attention
-Memory?
-Visual-spatial?
-Executive abilities?
-BUT language stays intact
Cognitive training/'uses it or lose it" - CORRECT ANSWER--Cognitive decline is less in those
who engage more frequently in ADL's
-There are normal cognitive declines associated with aging, but don't have to interfere with functioning
-Some crystallized intelligence, creativity, and wisdom continue to develop with age
-We can take control by: Changing our own perceptions/attitudes to facilitate better adaption-find new
roles, Engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, Find ways to draw on strengths and
compensate/cognitive training
Depression in elderly-who? Risk factors? often masked, why? - CORRECT ANSWER-Men: 5-
12%
Women: 10-25%
% Primary Care
% Nursing home
% Inpaitent setting
% of outpt. and inpt. psychiatry
