CAMATA FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Musculoskeletal Trauma - ✔✔- swollen tissue can result in the neurovascular
compromise and development of compartment syndrome
- TX: casts must be bi-valved, avoid air splints, monitoring of colour, warmth, circulation,
sensation and movement of extremity, analgesia, elevate extremity
✔✔Head Injury - ✔✔- can result in swelling
- tissue swelling and intracranial pressure increases and reduces cerebral blood flow
leading to further ischemia and edema
- anxiety, hypoxia, hyperventilation and flicker vertigo may result in seizures
- TX: airway management, monitor ETCO2, maintain normal PCO2, elevate head of
stretcher towards nose of aircraft, prevent hypotension, monitor fever and BGL,
maintain quiet cabin.
- cabin altitude restriction to 2000ft
✔✔Facial Injuries - ✔✔- may compromise airway
- airway must be established prior to transport
- TX: suction as needed, keep head elevated
- cabin altitude restriction to max 2000ft
✔✔Eye Injuries - ✔✔- eye globe may have gas trapped within it and as it expands it
may exert pressure on blood vessels and the optic nerve.
- cabin altitude should be restricted to 1000ft
- retina requires more oxygen per cell than any other tissue in the body
- TX: oxygen, elevated head of stretcher, apply dressings to both eyes, sedation,
antiemetics, position head to nose of aircraft
✔✔Cardiovascular - ✔✔- expansion of gases in abdominal or chest cavity may impair
venous return to the heart causing reduced CO and compromising tissue perfusion
- TX: oxygen, monitor rhythm, sedate, head elevated with head to nose of aircraft.
2000ft cabin altitude restriction:
- CHF
- acute STEMI within 8 wks
- NonSTEMI
- cyanosis with R ventricular failure
- respiratory acidosis
- unstable angina
- sickle cell anemia
✔✔Sickle Cell Disorders - ✔✔- TX: oxygen, blood transfusions, pain control, hydration,
antibiotics for fever, monitor for end organ ischemia
- cabin altitude restrictions less than 2000ft
, ✔✔Burns - ✔✔- TX: airway management, oxygen, aggressive fluid, warm cabin
temperature, monitor neurovascular status, consider escharotomy, dress burn wounds,
sterile transport environment, head elevated towards nose of aircraft
- cabin altitude restriction between 2000ft and 4000ft
✔✔Obstetrical - ✔✔- TX: oxygen, position left lateral, elevate head, PT HEAD
TOWARDS TAIL OF AIRCRAFT, antiemetic.
- cabin altitude restriction of 2000ft to 4000ft
✔✔Equipment Affected by Gas Expansion - ✔✔- air splints
- pressure infusers
- anything with an air filled cuff
- casts
- invasive lines
- IABP
✔✔Decompression Sickness - ✔✔- when atmospheric pressure drops the pressure of
nitrogen in the tissues exceeds the pr3essure of nitrogen in the atmosphere
- HENRYS LAW
-can cause mechanical obstruction or inflammatory reaction
- susceptibility: rate of ascent, altitude, time of exposure, body fat, age, exercise,
infection, injury, illness, alcohol ingestion, female, recent scuba diving
- TX: return to ground, 100% oxygen for 2 hrs, monitor for 24 hrs
✔✔Hypoxia Hypoxia - ✔✔- inadequate gas exchange at the alveolar capillary
membrane
- any patient with lung disfunction
- aviation environment causes this due to the decreased PO2 with ascent
✔✔Hypemic (Anemic) Hypoxia - ✔✔- reduced oxygen carrying capacity in blood
- hemoglobin is unable to carry adequate amounts of oxygen to tissues
✔✔Stagnant Hypoxia - ✔✔- reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues
- circulatory insufficiency
- other causes include arterial spasms, occlusion of a blood vessel, prolonged PEEP
and G forces
✔✔Histotoxic Hypoxia - ✔✔- tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen delivered to them
- causes include alcohol, narcotics, ASA in toxic amounts, cyanide and carbon
monoxide poisoning
✔✔OB pt Affected in Flight - ✔✔- labour may be induced by flight stressors
- acceleration forces may cause the fetal head to become engaged, enhancing labour
- maternal hypoxia leads to fetal hypoxia
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Musculoskeletal Trauma - ✔✔- swollen tissue can result in the neurovascular
compromise and development of compartment syndrome
- TX: casts must be bi-valved, avoid air splints, monitoring of colour, warmth, circulation,
sensation and movement of extremity, analgesia, elevate extremity
✔✔Head Injury - ✔✔- can result in swelling
- tissue swelling and intracranial pressure increases and reduces cerebral blood flow
leading to further ischemia and edema
- anxiety, hypoxia, hyperventilation and flicker vertigo may result in seizures
- TX: airway management, monitor ETCO2, maintain normal PCO2, elevate head of
stretcher towards nose of aircraft, prevent hypotension, monitor fever and BGL,
maintain quiet cabin.
- cabin altitude restriction to 2000ft
✔✔Facial Injuries - ✔✔- may compromise airway
- airway must be established prior to transport
- TX: suction as needed, keep head elevated
- cabin altitude restriction to max 2000ft
✔✔Eye Injuries - ✔✔- eye globe may have gas trapped within it and as it expands it
may exert pressure on blood vessels and the optic nerve.
- cabin altitude should be restricted to 1000ft
- retina requires more oxygen per cell than any other tissue in the body
- TX: oxygen, elevated head of stretcher, apply dressings to both eyes, sedation,
antiemetics, position head to nose of aircraft
✔✔Cardiovascular - ✔✔- expansion of gases in abdominal or chest cavity may impair
venous return to the heart causing reduced CO and compromising tissue perfusion
- TX: oxygen, monitor rhythm, sedate, head elevated with head to nose of aircraft.
2000ft cabin altitude restriction:
- CHF
- acute STEMI within 8 wks
- NonSTEMI
- cyanosis with R ventricular failure
- respiratory acidosis
- unstable angina
- sickle cell anemia
✔✔Sickle Cell Disorders - ✔✔- TX: oxygen, blood transfusions, pain control, hydration,
antibiotics for fever, monitor for end organ ischemia
- cabin altitude restrictions less than 2000ft
, ✔✔Burns - ✔✔- TX: airway management, oxygen, aggressive fluid, warm cabin
temperature, monitor neurovascular status, consider escharotomy, dress burn wounds,
sterile transport environment, head elevated towards nose of aircraft
- cabin altitude restriction between 2000ft and 4000ft
✔✔Obstetrical - ✔✔- TX: oxygen, position left lateral, elevate head, PT HEAD
TOWARDS TAIL OF AIRCRAFT, antiemetic.
- cabin altitude restriction of 2000ft to 4000ft
✔✔Equipment Affected by Gas Expansion - ✔✔- air splints
- pressure infusers
- anything with an air filled cuff
- casts
- invasive lines
- IABP
✔✔Decompression Sickness - ✔✔- when atmospheric pressure drops the pressure of
nitrogen in the tissues exceeds the pr3essure of nitrogen in the atmosphere
- HENRYS LAW
-can cause mechanical obstruction or inflammatory reaction
- susceptibility: rate of ascent, altitude, time of exposure, body fat, age, exercise,
infection, injury, illness, alcohol ingestion, female, recent scuba diving
- TX: return to ground, 100% oxygen for 2 hrs, monitor for 24 hrs
✔✔Hypoxia Hypoxia - ✔✔- inadequate gas exchange at the alveolar capillary
membrane
- any patient with lung disfunction
- aviation environment causes this due to the decreased PO2 with ascent
✔✔Hypemic (Anemic) Hypoxia - ✔✔- reduced oxygen carrying capacity in blood
- hemoglobin is unable to carry adequate amounts of oxygen to tissues
✔✔Stagnant Hypoxia - ✔✔- reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues
- circulatory insufficiency
- other causes include arterial spasms, occlusion of a blood vessel, prolonged PEEP
and G forces
✔✔Histotoxic Hypoxia - ✔✔- tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen delivered to them
- causes include alcohol, narcotics, ASA in toxic amounts, cyanide and carbon
monoxide poisoning
✔✔OB pt Affected in Flight - ✔✔- labour may be induced by flight stressors
- acceleration forces may cause the fetal head to become engaged, enhancing labour
- maternal hypoxia leads to fetal hypoxia
