❖ ✧✶⭑
--------- PEOPLE
----------BATTLES/WAR EVENTS
--------- POLITICAL THINGS
----------ACTS/LAWS/ TREATIES
----------IMPORTANT WORDS/BOOKS/EVENTS/OTHER
Period 1: 1491-1607
❖ MAINLY ABOUT THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, ENCOMIENDA
❖ Native Americans
- 2000 distinct languages were spoken across different communities by 1492. All
indigenous communities lived in societies with political structures, moral codes,
belief systems, and vast cultural diversity across the continent.
✶ Tribes + Their Houses
- Moundbuilders: Houses made of earth, had terrace levels. Oklahoma.
- Puebloans: Cliff dwellers, had complex irrigation systems.
- Iroquois Confederacy: Longhouses. Had a lot of food and people.
- Aztecs: Made aqueducts, roadways, and had a lot of military prowess. Mexico.
- Incas: 12 million people, natural environments for houses. South America.
❖ Columbian Exchange
- Refers to the flow of people, food plants, animals, and disease between Americans
and the East “Atlantic World”. Germs spread by the Europeans killed an estimated
90-95% of the population.
❖ Columbus
- Was Italian but sailed from Spain. He never actually landed in the US, but explored
the Caribbean, Central/South America.
- Thought himself better than the Natives. He did not care for them and saw them
only as a way to gain resources.
❖ Encomienda System
- Conquistadors received ‘grants’ of indigenous people whom they exacted tribute and
labor from.
- It was a way of controlling and regulating indigenous behavior. They were often
mistreated, raped, and abused by the Spanish, provoking Native Resistance; Namely,
the Pueblo Revolt. 8,000 indigenous people revolted against the Spaniards and won,
and a man called Pope established himself as leader and would remain so until the
Spanish took over the region again.
, -Bartolome De Las Casas was a priest who denounced enslavement for Native
Americans but was fine with the enslavement of Africans. He wrote extensively on
the atrocities committed by the Europeans against the Natives.
❖ Treatment of Natives by Europeans
- French: colonization developed through investment in private trading companies.
They valued trading with indigenous people, were nice to them.
- Dutch: Very financially but freedom-centered (they did not force assimilation).
- Spanish: Inhumane and cruel treatment. Natives were taken as slaves. Queen
Isabella says that since they are her subjects, they should be Christianized. Hernan
Cortés (with the help of Malinche [Dona Marina after baptism], who played advisor,
lover, and intermediary to Cortés and eventually became his mistress) overthrew the
Aztecs’ leader, Moctezuma, conquered their capital, and served as governor of the
land he called ‘New Spain’. Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas and set up a capital
at Cuzco.
- English: Also hostile towards Natives, they exploited them.
❖ Transatlantic Slave Trade
- Over 12.5 million people were forced from West Africa over nearly 3 centuries.
Roughly 10 million are taken to the Americas.
- A shift from enslaving Native Americans to enslaving Africans is attributed to:
1) Moral protests over the encomienda system (voiced by people like De Las Casas)
2) Resistance from indigenous people (like the Pueblo Revolt, read above)
3) Old World diseases like smallpox killed off a HUGE chunk of Native
populations.
Period 2: 1607-1754
❖ MAINLY ABOUT WHAT WILL BECOME THE 13 COLONIES
❖ Regions of the 13 colonies
- New England Colonies: Cold climate, rocky land, not very suitable for farming.
Low demand for slaves (just servants, workers). Mainly fishing and trade, and skilled
worksmiths. Urbanized and had the most schools. Very religious.
- Middle Atlantic Colonies: Temperate climate, better for farming. Rich mining and
timber industry, and it was a mix of farms and cities. English, German, Dutch, and
Irish settled here. No requirement for public schools.
- Southern Colonies: Warm climate and rich soil, best for farming. Many plantations
and small farms. Virginia and Maryland had the cash crop of tobacco, while the rest
had cash crops of indigo and rice. Heavy dependence on slaves. Few schools, cities.
, ❖ Virginia’s House of Burgesses
- Each highlighted law passed gets more recent the lower it is in the paragraph (first
sentences are oldest, last sentences are most recent)
- Virginia created the House of Burgesses (first legislative assembly) and protected the
interests of large planters. They ruled that all children between a white man and
Negro woman would be slaves, regardless of whether the mother was free or
enslaved. They also ruled that religion is not a deciding factor in enslavement (you
can’t be freed even if you are a Christian). They also ruled that land-owning negros
cannot own a white indentured slave. They also rule that killing an enslaved negro is
justified if s/he ran away. They also rule that it is illegal for enslaved people to own
arms or strike a Christian. They also ban interracial relationships multiple times with
increasing consequences. Enslaved African Americans are now legally considered
property (chattel slavery).
- All the above laws were part of the Slave Codes, which gave African Americans a
different legal status.
❖ Jamestown
- Indentured servants in Jamestown, Virginia, often dealt with a lack of
legal protections, abuse, death, and sexual violence. ⅔ of indentured
servants died due to maltreatment. Indentured servants were used
because they were unable to enslave Natives, and faced a lot of
resistance from Natives.
- Of the original 104 people to settle there, only 35 survived the first winter.
- They started selling tobacco (1.5 million pounds).
- A man named Antonio Johnson, or Antonio the Negro, was an African American
living in Jamestown. He was able to acquire land after paying for his years of labor;
this was very rare. He was respected by the community for his hard work and
service.
- A man named Fernando Case petitioned the court, saying that as a Christian and as
someone who spent several years in England, he should not have to work more than
an English servant. The court ruled in his favor.
- A man named John Punch ran away from servitude with 2 other white men; while
the white men got 4 years of servitude, John Punch (African American) was the first
person to get a lifelong indentured sentence.
❖ Pocahontas
- In John Smith’s first book, he writes that the chief of the Powhatan tribe welcomes
him and his life is not at all threatened, and they parted ways as friends.
- In his second book, he claims that the Powhatan chief was ready to kill him, and
Pocahontas (the chief’s daughter) saved his life. This was written after Pocahontas
died.
- John Rolfe and Pocahontas were married and had a son named Thomas; they moved
to England, and Pocahontas was given the name Lady Rebecca.
❖ Bacon’s Rebellion
--------- PEOPLE
----------BATTLES/WAR EVENTS
--------- POLITICAL THINGS
----------ACTS/LAWS/ TREATIES
----------IMPORTANT WORDS/BOOKS/EVENTS/OTHER
Period 1: 1491-1607
❖ MAINLY ABOUT THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, ENCOMIENDA
❖ Native Americans
- 2000 distinct languages were spoken across different communities by 1492. All
indigenous communities lived in societies with political structures, moral codes,
belief systems, and vast cultural diversity across the continent.
✶ Tribes + Their Houses
- Moundbuilders: Houses made of earth, had terrace levels. Oklahoma.
- Puebloans: Cliff dwellers, had complex irrigation systems.
- Iroquois Confederacy: Longhouses. Had a lot of food and people.
- Aztecs: Made aqueducts, roadways, and had a lot of military prowess. Mexico.
- Incas: 12 million people, natural environments for houses. South America.
❖ Columbian Exchange
- Refers to the flow of people, food plants, animals, and disease between Americans
and the East “Atlantic World”. Germs spread by the Europeans killed an estimated
90-95% of the population.
❖ Columbus
- Was Italian but sailed from Spain. He never actually landed in the US, but explored
the Caribbean, Central/South America.
- Thought himself better than the Natives. He did not care for them and saw them
only as a way to gain resources.
❖ Encomienda System
- Conquistadors received ‘grants’ of indigenous people whom they exacted tribute and
labor from.
- It was a way of controlling and regulating indigenous behavior. They were often
mistreated, raped, and abused by the Spanish, provoking Native Resistance; Namely,
the Pueblo Revolt. 8,000 indigenous people revolted against the Spaniards and won,
and a man called Pope established himself as leader and would remain so until the
Spanish took over the region again.
, -Bartolome De Las Casas was a priest who denounced enslavement for Native
Americans but was fine with the enslavement of Africans. He wrote extensively on
the atrocities committed by the Europeans against the Natives.
❖ Treatment of Natives by Europeans
- French: colonization developed through investment in private trading companies.
They valued trading with indigenous people, were nice to them.
- Dutch: Very financially but freedom-centered (they did not force assimilation).
- Spanish: Inhumane and cruel treatment. Natives were taken as slaves. Queen
Isabella says that since they are her subjects, they should be Christianized. Hernan
Cortés (with the help of Malinche [Dona Marina after baptism], who played advisor,
lover, and intermediary to Cortés and eventually became his mistress) overthrew the
Aztecs’ leader, Moctezuma, conquered their capital, and served as governor of the
land he called ‘New Spain’. Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas and set up a capital
at Cuzco.
- English: Also hostile towards Natives, they exploited them.
❖ Transatlantic Slave Trade
- Over 12.5 million people were forced from West Africa over nearly 3 centuries.
Roughly 10 million are taken to the Americas.
- A shift from enslaving Native Americans to enslaving Africans is attributed to:
1) Moral protests over the encomienda system (voiced by people like De Las Casas)
2) Resistance from indigenous people (like the Pueblo Revolt, read above)
3) Old World diseases like smallpox killed off a HUGE chunk of Native
populations.
Period 2: 1607-1754
❖ MAINLY ABOUT WHAT WILL BECOME THE 13 COLONIES
❖ Regions of the 13 colonies
- New England Colonies: Cold climate, rocky land, not very suitable for farming.
Low demand for slaves (just servants, workers). Mainly fishing and trade, and skilled
worksmiths. Urbanized and had the most schools. Very religious.
- Middle Atlantic Colonies: Temperate climate, better for farming. Rich mining and
timber industry, and it was a mix of farms and cities. English, German, Dutch, and
Irish settled here. No requirement for public schools.
- Southern Colonies: Warm climate and rich soil, best for farming. Many plantations
and small farms. Virginia and Maryland had the cash crop of tobacco, while the rest
had cash crops of indigo and rice. Heavy dependence on slaves. Few schools, cities.
, ❖ Virginia’s House of Burgesses
- Each highlighted law passed gets more recent the lower it is in the paragraph (first
sentences are oldest, last sentences are most recent)
- Virginia created the House of Burgesses (first legislative assembly) and protected the
interests of large planters. They ruled that all children between a white man and
Negro woman would be slaves, regardless of whether the mother was free or
enslaved. They also ruled that religion is not a deciding factor in enslavement (you
can’t be freed even if you are a Christian). They also ruled that land-owning negros
cannot own a white indentured slave. They also rule that killing an enslaved negro is
justified if s/he ran away. They also rule that it is illegal for enslaved people to own
arms or strike a Christian. They also ban interracial relationships multiple times with
increasing consequences. Enslaved African Americans are now legally considered
property (chattel slavery).
- All the above laws were part of the Slave Codes, which gave African Americans a
different legal status.
❖ Jamestown
- Indentured servants in Jamestown, Virginia, often dealt with a lack of
legal protections, abuse, death, and sexual violence. ⅔ of indentured
servants died due to maltreatment. Indentured servants were used
because they were unable to enslave Natives, and faced a lot of
resistance from Natives.
- Of the original 104 people to settle there, only 35 survived the first winter.
- They started selling tobacco (1.5 million pounds).
- A man named Antonio Johnson, or Antonio the Negro, was an African American
living in Jamestown. He was able to acquire land after paying for his years of labor;
this was very rare. He was respected by the community for his hard work and
service.
- A man named Fernando Case petitioned the court, saying that as a Christian and as
someone who spent several years in England, he should not have to work more than
an English servant. The court ruled in his favor.
- A man named John Punch ran away from servitude with 2 other white men; while
the white men got 4 years of servitude, John Punch (African American) was the first
person to get a lifelong indentured sentence.
❖ Pocahontas
- In John Smith’s first book, he writes that the chief of the Powhatan tribe welcomes
him and his life is not at all threatened, and they parted ways as friends.
- In his second book, he claims that the Powhatan chief was ready to kill him, and
Pocahontas (the chief’s daughter) saved his life. This was written after Pocahontas
died.
- John Rolfe and Pocahontas were married and had a son named Thomas; they moved
to England, and Pocahontas was given the name Lady Rebecca.
❖ Bacon’s Rebellion
