Bio 100
Bio 100 Marci Adams BYU Exam 1
Scientific Theory - An explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive
and reproducible observations; more general and reliable than hypothesis
Hypothesis - a proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on available evidence that
leads to a prediction that can be tested
Inductive Reasoning - how scientific theories arise. It's when you make a broad
generalization based on many supporting observations, not based on things that contradict
it.
Deductive Reasoning - General --> Specific. used after a scientific theory is made. You
take a generalization and then generate a hypothesis to say how an experiment will turn
out, based on a previously existing theory.
Deductive reasoning example - it's where you conclude specific observations are true
based on supported broad generalization. Like based on cell theory, if you find a new
thing that has characteristics of life, you can conclude it's made of cells.
Inductive Reasoning example - Specific --> General
makes broad generalizations from specific observations. "the neighbors dog just barked.
all dogs can bark"
Covalent Bond - strongest, most common, electrically neutral, shares electrons (oxygen
to hydrogen in H2O)
Ionic bond - loss or gain of electron from ions to form a stable compound (NaCl)
Bio 100
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Hydrogen Bond - weak, slightly polar and therefore attractive to other slightly polar
molecules (H2O molecules sticking to other H2O molecules)
- Happens with compounds with F, O, N
Cohesion - water molecules stick together because of the hydrogen bonds
Adhesion - sticky to slightly charged surfaces
Allows plants/trees to deliver water hundreds of feet against gravity
Allows water in plasma to be returned to heart from your big toe
Hydrophobic - "water fearing"; parts of membranes
Hydrophilic - "water loving"
Molecules that are attracted to water
Many biological compounds
Parts of membranes
Frostbite - freezing of water inside cells and the ice crystals puncture membrane
Cell death
Leads to tissue death
Big Four - Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Nucleic Acids (DNA)
Dehydration synthesis - Organic molecules joined by removing water
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Hydrolysis - Organic molecules broken by adding water
Monosaccharide - (Carb Big four) one sugar molecule
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Polysaccharide - (Carb big four) many sugar molecules bonded together
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals
Cellulose in plant structure; non-digestible in humans (fiber)
Chitin in exoskeleton of arthropods
Phospholipids - hydrophobic "tails" and hydrophilic "heads" = cell membranes
Lipids - Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
hydrophobic; insoluble in water
store energy, waxy coverings, membranes
Fats: more energy storage than sugars, but weigh less
Long chains of carbons!!
Lipid examples - saturated, unsaturated, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, hormones
Protein - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
amino acid is the building block:
Bio 100
Bio 100 Marci Adams BYU Exam 1
Scientific Theory - An explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive
and reproducible observations; more general and reliable than hypothesis
Hypothesis - a proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on available evidence that
leads to a prediction that can be tested
Inductive Reasoning - how scientific theories arise. It's when you make a broad
generalization based on many supporting observations, not based on things that contradict
it.
Deductive Reasoning - General --> Specific. used after a scientific theory is made. You
take a generalization and then generate a hypothesis to say how an experiment will turn
out, based on a previously existing theory.
Deductive reasoning example - it's where you conclude specific observations are true
based on supported broad generalization. Like based on cell theory, if you find a new
thing that has characteristics of life, you can conclude it's made of cells.
Inductive Reasoning example - Specific --> General
makes broad generalizations from specific observations. "the neighbors dog just barked.
all dogs can bark"
Covalent Bond - strongest, most common, electrically neutral, shares electrons (oxygen
to hydrogen in H2O)
Ionic bond - loss or gain of electron from ions to form a stable compound (NaCl)
Bio 100
,Bio 100
Hydrogen Bond - weak, slightly polar and therefore attractive to other slightly polar
molecules (H2O molecules sticking to other H2O molecules)
- Happens with compounds with F, O, N
Cohesion - water molecules stick together because of the hydrogen bonds
Adhesion - sticky to slightly charged surfaces
Allows plants/trees to deliver water hundreds of feet against gravity
Allows water in plasma to be returned to heart from your big toe
Hydrophobic - "water fearing"; parts of membranes
Hydrophilic - "water loving"
Molecules that are attracted to water
Many biological compounds
Parts of membranes
Frostbite - freezing of water inside cells and the ice crystals puncture membrane
Cell death
Leads to tissue death
Big Four - Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Nucleic Acids (DNA)
Dehydration synthesis - Organic molecules joined by removing water
Bio 100
, Bio 100
Hydrolysis - Organic molecules broken by adding water
Monosaccharide - (Carb Big four) one sugar molecule
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Polysaccharide - (Carb big four) many sugar molecules bonded together
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals
Cellulose in plant structure; non-digestible in humans (fiber)
Chitin in exoskeleton of arthropods
Phospholipids - hydrophobic "tails" and hydrophilic "heads" = cell membranes
Lipids - Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
hydrophobic; insoluble in water
store energy, waxy coverings, membranes
Fats: more energy storage than sugars, but weigh less
Long chains of carbons!!
Lipid examples - saturated, unsaturated, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, hormones
Protein - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
amino acid is the building block:
Bio 100
