Midterm Exam: NR565/ NR 565 Advanced
Pharmacology Care of the Fundamentals Exam |
Questions and Verified Answers (2024/ 2025 Update)-
Chamberlain
ARBs Prototype Drug - :answers :Losartan
Labetalol - :answers :third generation β blocker; act on both alpha and beta receptors;
acts on β1, β2, α1 causing vasodilation
Labetalol Contraindication - :answers :asthma, hypotensive, 2nd/3rd degree "AV
block," uncontrolled heart failure, bradycardia.
Adverse Effects of α Blockade - :answers :most significant adverse effect is orthostatic
hypotension; other adverse effects include reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion,
inhibition of ejaculation; sodium retention and increased blood volume
Metabolism of Labetalol, Propanolol, Metoprolol - :answers :Hepatic
Labetalol Lipid Solubility - :answers :Moderate
Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure - :answers :(1) agents that inhibit the RAAS (ACE
Inhibitors/ARBs), (2) diuretics (3) β blockers.
Prototype Drugs for HF - :answers :RAAS Inhibitors:
Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)
Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker)
,Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist)
Diuretics:
Hydrochlorothiazide
Furosemide
Inotropic Agent:
Digoxin (a cardiac glycoside)
β Blocker:
Metoprolol
Drugs that precipitate or exacerbate Heart Failure - :answers :NSAIDS, Alcohol, CCB,
HF ACE Inhibitor Mechanism of Action - :answers :Inhibit ANG1-->ANG2;
Decrease preload/afterload and increase cardiac output;
Decrease VSM tone =decrease BP;
Decrease Aldosterone production = Decrease NA/H20 retention
HF: RAAS Inhibitors - :answers :Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)
Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker)
Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist)
ACE Inhibitor Main AE - :answers :Cough; Angioedema; First Dose Hypotension;
Hyperkalemia
HF: Diuretics - :answers :Decrease pulmonary congestion; peripheral edema
,Decrease preload/Afterload
Hydrochlorothiazide (mild diuretic)
Furosemide (Lasix) (strong diuretic)
HF: Loop Diuretic - :answers :Furosemide; Preferred for HF due to profound diuresis
or patient w/ renal insufficiency
Loop Diuretic AE - :answers :hypotension; hypokalemia; increase digitalis toxicity
OH DANG!
Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia
Dehydration
Allergy (Sulfa)
Nephritis
Gout
HF: Inotropic Agent - :answers :Digoxin (a cardiac glycoside)
HF: β Blocker - :answers :Metoprolol; Selective blockade of B1 receptor
HF: ACEIs Therapeutic - :answers :Decrease conversion of ANG1-->ANG2
ACEIs cause dilation of arterioles and veins
Decrease the release of aldosterone=decrease NA/H20 retention;
Decrease VSM=Decrease BP
HF: ARBs - :answers :Second line choice for HF if ACE Inhibitor cannot be tolerated
due to cough/angioedema;
, valsartan (Diovan); candesartan (Atacand)
HF: Aldosterone Antagonist - :answers :Block aldosterone receptor; Increase NA/H20
excretion; Increase K+ retention
eplerenone and spironolactone
Aldosterone Antagonist Main AE; - :answers :Hyperkalemia
Spironolactone BBW - :answers :tumorigenic in chronic toxicity studies in rats.
HF: Inotropics - :answers :Digitalis; Increase Contractile force of heart muscle; Only
indicated for severe left ventriuclar HF
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) - :answers :most effective drugs for lowering
LDL and total cholesterol; raise HDL; lower TG;
Prototype HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin): LDL Cholesterol- and Triglyceride-
Lowering Drugs - :answers :Lovastatin
Statin mechanism of Cholesterol Reduction - :answers :inhibition of hepatic HMG-
CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis; increase in
hepatocytes to produce more LDL receptors; Hepatocytes then can better remove more
LDL from the blood;
Statins Monitoring - :answers :Cholesterol levels should be monitored monthly early
in treatment and at longer intervals thereafter.
Statin Contraindications - :answers :contraindicated in pregnant women and in
patients with viral or alcoholic hepatitis. Exercise caution in patients with fatty liver
disease and in those taking fibrates or ezetimibe
Pharmacology Care of the Fundamentals Exam |
Questions and Verified Answers (2024/ 2025 Update)-
Chamberlain
ARBs Prototype Drug - :answers :Losartan
Labetalol - :answers :third generation β blocker; act on both alpha and beta receptors;
acts on β1, β2, α1 causing vasodilation
Labetalol Contraindication - :answers :asthma, hypotensive, 2nd/3rd degree "AV
block," uncontrolled heart failure, bradycardia.
Adverse Effects of α Blockade - :answers :most significant adverse effect is orthostatic
hypotension; other adverse effects include reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion,
inhibition of ejaculation; sodium retention and increased blood volume
Metabolism of Labetalol, Propanolol, Metoprolol - :answers :Hepatic
Labetalol Lipid Solubility - :answers :Moderate
Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure - :answers :(1) agents that inhibit the RAAS (ACE
Inhibitors/ARBs), (2) diuretics (3) β blockers.
Prototype Drugs for HF - :answers :RAAS Inhibitors:
Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)
Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker)
,Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist)
Diuretics:
Hydrochlorothiazide
Furosemide
Inotropic Agent:
Digoxin (a cardiac glycoside)
β Blocker:
Metoprolol
Drugs that precipitate or exacerbate Heart Failure - :answers :NSAIDS, Alcohol, CCB,
HF ACE Inhibitor Mechanism of Action - :answers :Inhibit ANG1-->ANG2;
Decrease preload/afterload and increase cardiac output;
Decrease VSM tone =decrease BP;
Decrease Aldosterone production = Decrease NA/H20 retention
HF: RAAS Inhibitors - :answers :Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)
Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker)
Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist)
ACE Inhibitor Main AE - :answers :Cough; Angioedema; First Dose Hypotension;
Hyperkalemia
HF: Diuretics - :answers :Decrease pulmonary congestion; peripheral edema
,Decrease preload/Afterload
Hydrochlorothiazide (mild diuretic)
Furosemide (Lasix) (strong diuretic)
HF: Loop Diuretic - :answers :Furosemide; Preferred for HF due to profound diuresis
or patient w/ renal insufficiency
Loop Diuretic AE - :answers :hypotension; hypokalemia; increase digitalis toxicity
OH DANG!
Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia
Dehydration
Allergy (Sulfa)
Nephritis
Gout
HF: Inotropic Agent - :answers :Digoxin (a cardiac glycoside)
HF: β Blocker - :answers :Metoprolol; Selective blockade of B1 receptor
HF: ACEIs Therapeutic - :answers :Decrease conversion of ANG1-->ANG2
ACEIs cause dilation of arterioles and veins
Decrease the release of aldosterone=decrease NA/H20 retention;
Decrease VSM=Decrease BP
HF: ARBs - :answers :Second line choice for HF if ACE Inhibitor cannot be tolerated
due to cough/angioedema;
, valsartan (Diovan); candesartan (Atacand)
HF: Aldosterone Antagonist - :answers :Block aldosterone receptor; Increase NA/H20
excretion; Increase K+ retention
eplerenone and spironolactone
Aldosterone Antagonist Main AE; - :answers :Hyperkalemia
Spironolactone BBW - :answers :tumorigenic in chronic toxicity studies in rats.
HF: Inotropics - :answers :Digitalis; Increase Contractile force of heart muscle; Only
indicated for severe left ventriuclar HF
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) - :answers :most effective drugs for lowering
LDL and total cholesterol; raise HDL; lower TG;
Prototype HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin): LDL Cholesterol- and Triglyceride-
Lowering Drugs - :answers :Lovastatin
Statin mechanism of Cholesterol Reduction - :answers :inhibition of hepatic HMG-
CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis; increase in
hepatocytes to produce more LDL receptors; Hepatocytes then can better remove more
LDL from the blood;
Statins Monitoring - :answers :Cholesterol levels should be monitored monthly early
in treatment and at longer intervals thereafter.
Statin Contraindications - :answers :contraindicated in pregnant women and in
patients with viral or alcoholic hepatitis. Exercise caution in patients with fatty liver
disease and in those taking fibrates or ezetimibe
