MODULE 8 PSYCH 140 PORTAGE LEARNING
1 . late aduldhood: starts in 60's, can be the longest age grouping in one's life if
an individual lives to old age
2. Do most older adults develop dementia?: No, It is not a normal part of aging.
Only a small percentage of 65-to-75-year-old people have a neurocognitive disorder.
However, this number increases with age (50% of individuals 85 and older have a
neurocognitive disorder)
3. What are some causes of neurocognitive disorders?: various diseases, severe
drug/alcohol abuse, stroke, or progressive deterioration caused by a variety of
factors 4. Why do women typically outlive men?: Partly genetics, but
mostly environmental. Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors,
abuse drugs and alcohol, and be less vigilant about their overall health.
5. primary aging: the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all
living creatures as they grow older, genetically influenced, and thought to be
unavoidable at this point
6. secondary aging: aging that is not inevitable and occurs due to choices we
make and environmental exposures
7. "wear and tear" theory: States that time and exertion is the enemy, and
focuses on secondary aging but ignores the actual cause which is primary aging.
However there are holes in this theory: body does a great job at repairing itself,
individuals who engage in a lot of exercise and activity are typically healthier and
longer-lived than sedentary individuals,
8. free radical theory: theory of aging that states that free radicals triggered by
certain environmental contaminants might be linked to various diseases and
maladies that coincide with aging. Accumulating free radicals over time might be
associated with problems such as cataracts and arthritis 9. Cellular theories of
aging: -Free radicals -Hayflick Limit
10. Hayflick Limit Theory: states that human adult cells have a limited number of
times that they can divide (approximately 20). After this limit is reached, the cells
will begin to die.
1 1 . programmed cell death theories: focus on how cells appear to be
designed to self-destruct in our genetic code. A variety of processes
contribute to this programmed cell death, and many of the diseases
, MODULE 8 PSYCH 140 PORTAGE LEARNING
associated with aging, such as osteoporosis and Alzheimer's, have evidence
of being at least partly caused by these processes.
12. Subtypes of neurocognitive disorders: Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,
traumatic brain injury, substance/medication induced, a prion disease,
neurocognitive disease due to HIV, cognitive declines due to vascular disease
13. Symptoms of neurocognitive disorder caused by Parkinson's:: anxiety,
depression, hallucinations, personality changes
14. Prion diseases: -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—rapidly progressive dementia,
typically sporadic (some familial forms).
-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)—also known as "mad cow disease." Kuru
—acquired prion disease noted in tribal populations practicing human cannibalism.
15. What percentage of individuals with HIV have symptoms for at least a
mild neurocognitive disorder?: approximately 25%
16. HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy): drug cocktail that suppresses HIV
replication, individuals taking HAART often experience lower rates of neurocognitive
issues
17. What percentage of dementia cases are Alzheimer's?: 60%
18. 3 stages of Alzheimer's: -Early: family/friends may notice subtle changes in
memory (routinely forgetting basic words and substituting them with odd words),
social withdrawal and depression, trouble with activities
-Middle: independence in compromised, forgets family members' names, gait
changes
-Late: might not be able to speak, eat, walk, or engage in life's basic activities,
typically have health problems resulting from the sedentary and bed-ridden
lifestyle.
19. What happens to a brain with Alzheimer's disease?: Amyloid plaques
(beta-amyloid protein deposits) disrupt normal communication between neurons.
Neurofibrillary tangles disrupt the brain's ability to transport necessary nutrients
throughout the brain.
However, brain imaging of the brains of older adults with no symptoms of AD
may also have plaques and tangles.
1 . late aduldhood: starts in 60's, can be the longest age grouping in one's life if
an individual lives to old age
2. Do most older adults develop dementia?: No, It is not a normal part of aging.
Only a small percentage of 65-to-75-year-old people have a neurocognitive disorder.
However, this number increases with age (50% of individuals 85 and older have a
neurocognitive disorder)
3. What are some causes of neurocognitive disorders?: various diseases, severe
drug/alcohol abuse, stroke, or progressive deterioration caused by a variety of
factors 4. Why do women typically outlive men?: Partly genetics, but
mostly environmental. Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors,
abuse drugs and alcohol, and be less vigilant about their overall health.
5. primary aging: the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all
living creatures as they grow older, genetically influenced, and thought to be
unavoidable at this point
6. secondary aging: aging that is not inevitable and occurs due to choices we
make and environmental exposures
7. "wear and tear" theory: States that time and exertion is the enemy, and
focuses on secondary aging but ignores the actual cause which is primary aging.
However there are holes in this theory: body does a great job at repairing itself,
individuals who engage in a lot of exercise and activity are typically healthier and
longer-lived than sedentary individuals,
8. free radical theory: theory of aging that states that free radicals triggered by
certain environmental contaminants might be linked to various diseases and
maladies that coincide with aging. Accumulating free radicals over time might be
associated with problems such as cataracts and arthritis 9. Cellular theories of
aging: -Free radicals -Hayflick Limit
10. Hayflick Limit Theory: states that human adult cells have a limited number of
times that they can divide (approximately 20). After this limit is reached, the cells
will begin to die.
1 1 . programmed cell death theories: focus on how cells appear to be
designed to self-destruct in our genetic code. A variety of processes
contribute to this programmed cell death, and many of the diseases
, MODULE 8 PSYCH 140 PORTAGE LEARNING
associated with aging, such as osteoporosis and Alzheimer's, have evidence
of being at least partly caused by these processes.
12. Subtypes of neurocognitive disorders: Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,
traumatic brain injury, substance/medication induced, a prion disease,
neurocognitive disease due to HIV, cognitive declines due to vascular disease
13. Symptoms of neurocognitive disorder caused by Parkinson's:: anxiety,
depression, hallucinations, personality changes
14. Prion diseases: -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—rapidly progressive dementia,
typically sporadic (some familial forms).
-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)—also known as "mad cow disease." Kuru
—acquired prion disease noted in tribal populations practicing human cannibalism.
15. What percentage of individuals with HIV have symptoms for at least a
mild neurocognitive disorder?: approximately 25%
16. HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy): drug cocktail that suppresses HIV
replication, individuals taking HAART often experience lower rates of neurocognitive
issues
17. What percentage of dementia cases are Alzheimer's?: 60%
18. 3 stages of Alzheimer's: -Early: family/friends may notice subtle changes in
memory (routinely forgetting basic words and substituting them with odd words),
social withdrawal and depression, trouble with activities
-Middle: independence in compromised, forgets family members' names, gait
changes
-Late: might not be able to speak, eat, walk, or engage in life's basic activities,
typically have health problems resulting from the sedentary and bed-ridden
lifestyle.
19. What happens to a brain with Alzheimer's disease?: Amyloid plaques
(beta-amyloid protein deposits) disrupt normal communication between neurons.
Neurofibrillary tangles disrupt the brain's ability to transport necessary nutrients
throughout the brain.
However, brain imaging of the brains of older adults with no symptoms of AD
may also have plaques and tangles.
