HESI MED SURG EXAM 2025 UPDATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
empyema - answersan accumulation of purulent exudates in a body cavity, especially the
pleural space, as a result of bacterial infection, such as pleurisy or tuberculosis.
epistaxis - answersnosebleed
esophageal speech - answersa method of swallowing air, trapping it in the esophagus, and
releasing it to create sound.
flail chest - answersinstability of the chest wall resulting from multiple rib fractures.
fremitus - answersvibration of the chest wall produced by vocalization.
hemothorax - answersaccumulation of blood in the pleural space.
hospital-acquired pneumonia - answerspneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital
admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization.
hypercapnia - answersgreater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood (PaCO2 >
45 mm Hg); also called hypercarbia.
hyperreactivity - answersan abnormal condition in which responses to stimuli are
exaggerated.
hyperresponsiveness - answersexcessive or exaggerated response to a stimulus; in asthma
leads to bronchoconstriction in response to physical, chemical, or pharmacologic stimuli.
,hypocapnia - answerslow arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg); also called
hypocarbia.
lung abscess - answersa pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that results in a cavity
formed by necrosis of lung tissue.
mechanical receptors - answersreceptors located in lungs, upper airways, chest wall, and
diaphragm that are stimulated by irritants, muscle stretching, and alveolar wall distortion.
metered-dose inhaler - answersaerosolized drug delivered in a specific amount by activating
the inhaler or by inhaling.
nasal polyps - answersbenign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to
repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity.
normocapnia - answersnormal arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2 35 to 45 mm Hg).
O2 toxicity - answersa condition of oxygen overdosage caused by prolonged exposure to a
high levels of oxygen; may inactivate pulmonary surfactant and lead to development of acute
respiratory distress syndrome.
obstructive sleep apnea - answersa condition characterized by partial or complete upper
airway obstruction during sleep, causing apnea and hypopnea.
pancreatic insufficiency - answersa condition characterized by inadequate production and
secretion of pancreatic hormones or enzymes.
,panlobular emphysema - answerstype of emphysema involving distention and destruction of
the entire primary respiratory lobule; usually associated with "1-antitrypsin deficiency; also
called chronic hypertrophic, diffuse, generalized, panlobular, or vesicular emphysema.
pleural effusion - answersan abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural spaces of the
lungs.
pleural friction rub - answerscreaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces of
the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change
with coughing; usually uncomfortable, especially on deep inspiration.
pleurisy (pleuritis) - answersinflammation of the pleura.
pneumoconiosis - answersa general term for lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention
of dust particles.
pneumonia - answersan acute inflammation of the lungs, often caused by inhaled
pneumococci of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae.
pneumothorax - answersa collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to
collapse.
postural drainage - answersthe use of various positions to promote gravity drainage of
bronchial secretions; coughing usually expels secretions of the trachea.
pulmonary edema - answersan abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial
spaces of the lungs caused most commonly by heart failure; an acute, life-threatening
situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid caused
most commonly by heart failure.
, pulmonary embolism - answersa thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature
resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart and from other
sources, such as amniotic fluid, air, fat, bone marrow, and foreign IV material that travel as
emboli until lodging in the pulmonary vessels.
pulmonary hypertension - answerselevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in
pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles.
pursed-lip breathing - answersa technique of exhaling against pursed lips to prolong exhalation,
preventing bronchiolar collapse and air trapping; done to increase expiratory airway pressure,
improve oxygenation of the blood, and help prevent early airway closure.
rhinoplasty - answersthe surgical reconstruction of the nose.
rhonchi - answerscontinuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large
airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or
suctioning.
status asthmaticus - answersa severe, life-threatening asthma attack that is refractory to usual
treatment and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure.
surfactant - answersa lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli, reduces the
amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to
collapse.
tension pneumothorax - answersa pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural
space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great
vessels.
thoracentesis - answersa surgical procedure done to remove fluid from the pleural space.
VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
empyema - answersan accumulation of purulent exudates in a body cavity, especially the
pleural space, as a result of bacterial infection, such as pleurisy or tuberculosis.
epistaxis - answersnosebleed
esophageal speech - answersa method of swallowing air, trapping it in the esophagus, and
releasing it to create sound.
flail chest - answersinstability of the chest wall resulting from multiple rib fractures.
fremitus - answersvibration of the chest wall produced by vocalization.
hemothorax - answersaccumulation of blood in the pleural space.
hospital-acquired pneumonia - answerspneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital
admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization.
hypercapnia - answersgreater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood (PaCO2 >
45 mm Hg); also called hypercarbia.
hyperreactivity - answersan abnormal condition in which responses to stimuli are
exaggerated.
hyperresponsiveness - answersexcessive or exaggerated response to a stimulus; in asthma
leads to bronchoconstriction in response to physical, chemical, or pharmacologic stimuli.
,hypocapnia - answerslow arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg); also called
hypocarbia.
lung abscess - answersa pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that results in a cavity
formed by necrosis of lung tissue.
mechanical receptors - answersreceptors located in lungs, upper airways, chest wall, and
diaphragm that are stimulated by irritants, muscle stretching, and alveolar wall distortion.
metered-dose inhaler - answersaerosolized drug delivered in a specific amount by activating
the inhaler or by inhaling.
nasal polyps - answersbenign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to
repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity.
normocapnia - answersnormal arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2 35 to 45 mm Hg).
O2 toxicity - answersa condition of oxygen overdosage caused by prolonged exposure to a
high levels of oxygen; may inactivate pulmonary surfactant and lead to development of acute
respiratory distress syndrome.
obstructive sleep apnea - answersa condition characterized by partial or complete upper
airway obstruction during sleep, causing apnea and hypopnea.
pancreatic insufficiency - answersa condition characterized by inadequate production and
secretion of pancreatic hormones or enzymes.
,panlobular emphysema - answerstype of emphysema involving distention and destruction of
the entire primary respiratory lobule; usually associated with "1-antitrypsin deficiency; also
called chronic hypertrophic, diffuse, generalized, panlobular, or vesicular emphysema.
pleural effusion - answersan abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural spaces of the
lungs.
pleural friction rub - answerscreaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces of
the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change
with coughing; usually uncomfortable, especially on deep inspiration.
pleurisy (pleuritis) - answersinflammation of the pleura.
pneumoconiosis - answersa general term for lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention
of dust particles.
pneumonia - answersan acute inflammation of the lungs, often caused by inhaled
pneumococci of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae.
pneumothorax - answersa collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to
collapse.
postural drainage - answersthe use of various positions to promote gravity drainage of
bronchial secretions; coughing usually expels secretions of the trachea.
pulmonary edema - answersan abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial
spaces of the lungs caused most commonly by heart failure; an acute, life-threatening
situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid caused
most commonly by heart failure.
, pulmonary embolism - answersa thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature
resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart and from other
sources, such as amniotic fluid, air, fat, bone marrow, and foreign IV material that travel as
emboli until lodging in the pulmonary vessels.
pulmonary hypertension - answerselevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in
pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles.
pursed-lip breathing - answersa technique of exhaling against pursed lips to prolong exhalation,
preventing bronchiolar collapse and air trapping; done to increase expiratory airway pressure,
improve oxygenation of the blood, and help prevent early airway closure.
rhinoplasty - answersthe surgical reconstruction of the nose.
rhonchi - answerscontinuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large
airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or
suctioning.
status asthmaticus - answersa severe, life-threatening asthma attack that is refractory to usual
treatment and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure.
surfactant - answersa lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli, reduces the
amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to
collapse.
tension pneumothorax - answersa pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural
space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great
vessels.
thoracentesis - answersa surgical procedure done to remove fluid from the pleural space.
