Solution Manual for
c c
Statistics for Nursing
c c
c ResearchAWorkbook for
c c c
c Evidence-Based Practice c
c 3rd Edition Susan Grove
c c c
c Daisha
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c c c c c c
c
Measurement:Nominal,
c c
c
c
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
c c c c c c c
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rationale for your answer.
c c c c
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove &
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Gray, 2019).
c c
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
your answer.
c c
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
sample.
c
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
c c c c c c c c c
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2017; Knapp, 2017).
c c c
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cWhat category identifies your current income as an RN?
c c c c c c c c
a. Less than $50,000 c c
b. $50,000 to 59,999 c c
c. $60,000 to 69,999 c c
d. $70,000 to 80,000 c c
e. $80,000 or greater c c
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ended
AG 1-1 c
,AG 1-2 c Answer cGuidelines cfor cQuestions cto cBe cGraded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2017). c
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
of this result.
c c c
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
c c c c c c c c c c c c
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
percent (%).
c c
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
c c c c c c c c c c c c
included 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
c c c c c c c c c c c c
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 ×
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
clinical practice?
c c
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
c c c c c c c c c c c c
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
functional status of cardiac patients.
c c c c c
, Answer cGuidelines cfor cQuestions cto cBe cGraded AG 1-3 c
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,
c c c c c c c c c c c c
such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
c c
Statistics for Nursing
c c
c ResearchAWorkbook for
c c c
c Evidence-Based Practice c
c 3rd Edition Susan Grove
c c c
c Daisha
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c c c c c c
c
Measurement:Nominal,
c c
c
c
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
c c c c c c c
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rationale for your answer.
c c c c
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove &
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Gray, 2019).
c c
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
your answer.
c c
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
sample.
c
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
c c c c c c c c c
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2017; Knapp, 2017).
c c c
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cWhat category identifies your current income as an RN?
c c c c c c c c
a. Less than $50,000 c c
b. $50,000 to 59,999 c c
c. $60,000 to 69,999 c c
d. $70,000 to 80,000 c c
e. $80,000 or greater c c
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ended
AG 1-1 c
,AG 1-2 c Answer cGuidelines cfor cQuestions cto cBe cGraded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2017). c
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
of this result.
c c c
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
c c c c c c c c c c c c
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
percent (%).
c c
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
c c c c c c c c c c c c
included 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
c c c c c c c c c c c c
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 ×
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
clinical practice?
c c
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
c c c c c c c c c c c c
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
functional status of cardiac patients.
c c c c c
, Answer cGuidelines cfor cQuestions cto cBe cGraded AG 1-3 c
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,
c c c c c c c c c c c c
such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
