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Reading is a process in which the reader
cognitive-constructivist view of reading actively searches for meaning in what
she reads.
the scientific study of mental processes,
cognitive psychology including perception, thought, memory,
and reasoning
is a theory in education that recognizes
the learners' understanding and knowl-
Constructivism
edge based on their own experiences
prior to entering school.
Reading an ongoing, recursive process
vitally important because automatically
Achieving automatic word recognition
is a prerequisite for fluency
ability to "read a text orally with speed,
fluency accuracy, expression and comprehen-
sion" -read aloud, readers theater
process begins with construction, in
which the reader comprehends sen-
tences and then links ideas from one
construction-integration model sentence to another. Integration is the
process of using prior knowledge to ex-
pand and interpret the meaning the au-
thor has put on the pages.
thinking about one's thinking. More pre-
cisely, it refers to the processes used to
Metacognition
plan, monitor, and assess one's under-
standing and performance.
When meaning breaks down a read-
er can make inferences, ask questions,
strategies
summarize, search for important ideas,
or sound out words
textbase (help readers relate ideas to
Retelling, summarizing,
each other)
mental model (relates text ideas to prior predicting, inferences, connections,
knowledge) questioning
,Metacognition (Helps reader monitor & questioning, clarifying, predicting,
repair comprehension) re-reading
concerned with knowledge, particularly
with the way knowledge is represented in
our minds, how we use that knowledge,
Schema theory
and how it expands (folders, pictures, de-
signs) Schema is thinking about what we
already know
knowledge is packaged in organized
schemata structures (objects, situations, events,
sequences of events,)
process of simultaneously extracting and
constructing meaning through interac-
reading comprehension
tion and involvement with written lan-
guage
The reader who is doing the compre-
hending
comprehension entails three elements: • The text that is to be comprehended
• The activity in which comprehension is
a part
the belief that responsibility for construct-
ing textual meaning resides primarily
Reader Response Theory with the reader and depends to a great
extent on the reader's prior knowledge
and experience
that learning is viewed as an active and
constructive task and what is learned is
sociocultural theory viewed as subjective. social and cultural
backgrounds of students have a huge
and undeniable effect on their learning
teaching characterized by high levels
active teaching of teaching explanation, demonstration,
and interaction with students
Showing students how to do something
Proactive teaching before expecting them to do it them-
selves. Success.
Reactive teaching
, first asking students to do something and
then showing them how only when they
struggle (sets up for failure).
Instructional cycle during which students
learn new skills and knowledge and grad-
Gradual Release of Responsibility Model
ually assume increased responsibility for
learning.
Approach to teaching strategies that em-
Direct Explanation ploys direct instruction, and a gradual
release of responsibility.
temporary support that is tailored to a
learner's needs and abilities and aimed
Scaffolding
at helping the learner master the next
task in a given learning process
emphasizes the social nature of learning
zone of proximal development and the fact that learning is very much a
social phenomenon
A kind of book that is used to teach read-
ing. It is based on an approach in which
words are used as a whole. The words
Basal Reader
are used over and over in each succeed-
ing lesson. New words are added regu-
larly.
A philosophy of learning based on the
premise that people construct their own
Constructivism
understanding of the world they live in
through reflection on experiences
the psychology of learning which empha-
sizes human cognition or intelligence as
Cognitivism a special endowment enabling man to
form hypotheses and develop intellectu-
ally
who believed that parents, caregivers,
peers, and the culture at large were
Vgotsky
responsible for developing higher-order
functions
Vgotsky vs. Piaget