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-Constructivism emphasizes the idea
that comprehending a text is very much
1. Constructivism (Learning Philoso- an active process. -Constructivism holds
phies): that the meaning one constructs from a
text is subjective—the result of one par-
ticular person's processing of the text.
-Aim to assist students in assimilating
new information to existing knowledge,
2. Cognitive-Constructivist View of as well as enabling them to make the ap-
Reading-Teaching Methods (Learning propriate modifications to their existing
Philosophies): intellectual framework to accommodate
that information.
-Jean Piaget and William Perry
-Emphasizes that reading is a process
in which the reader actively searches for
meaning in what she reads.
-The reader makes connections between
ideas and then integrates these under-
3. Cognitive-Constructivist View of Read-
standings with prior knowledge
ing (Learning Philosophies):
-Ex: Because of Winn-Dixie,-the infer-
ence comes from her knowledge that
people who have things in common often
become friends and from her active pro-
cessing of the text.
-Extends the influence on the cogni-
tive-constructivist view out from the read-
er and the text into the larger social
4. Sociocultural Theory (Learning
realm.
Philosophies):
-Learning is viewed as primarily a social
rather than an individual matter.
-Lev Vygotsky
-First, the social and cultural back-
grounds of students have a huge and
undeniable effect on their learning.
-Second, because learning is quintes-
sentially social, much learning—partic-
ularly the best and most lasting learn-
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ing—will take place as groups of learners
work together.
-Third, the classroom, the school, and
the various communities of students in a
5. Steps of Sociocultural Theory (Learn-
classroom are social contexts that have
ing Philosophies):
strong influences on what is or is not
learned in the classroom, and each of
them must be carefully considered in
planning and carrying out instruction.
-Theory that is concerned with knowl-
edge, particularly with the way knowl-
6. Schema (Learning Philosophies): edge is represented in our minds, how
we use that knowledge, and how it ex-
pands.
-Puts a good deal of emphasis on the
reader, stressing that the meaning one
gains from text is the result of a trans-
action between the reader and the text
and that readers will have a range of
7. Reader Response Theory (Learning responses to literary works.
Philosophies): -Many literary texts simply do not have a
single correct interpretation, and readers
should be allowed and encouraged to
construct a variety of interpretations—if
they can support them.
-Louise Rosenblatt
8. The three phases of the con- (1.) Construction
struction-integration process (Learning (2.) Integration
Philosophies): (3.) Metacognition
9. Construction (Construction-Integra- -In the construction phase, a reader uses
tion Process-Learning Philosophies): knowledge of vocabulary and syntax to
Phase 1: make meaning.
10. Integration (Construction-Integration -Integrates words and sentences by link-
Process-Learning Philosophies): Phase ing previous information using cohesive
2: ties to create a textbase.
-A reader employs metacognition to
monitor his processes to ensure the
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11. Metacognition (Construction-Inte- meaning makes sense. If it doesn't, the
gration Process-Learning Philosophies): reader employs strategies to fix compre-
Phase 3: hension.
-Metacognition is the process of reflect-
ing on one's reading strategies while
reading to monitor comprehension.
12. Define Metacognition as it Applies to -A metacognitive reader is able to ar-
Reading (Learning Philosophies): ticulate the strategies he uses to com-
prehend. He is also able to recognize
when meaning breaks down and employ
strategies to fix comprehension.
-The complex system that relates sounds
13. Oral Language Development (Stages to meanings, is made up of three com-
of Development): ponents: the phonological, semantic, and
syntactic.
-Reading and talking with children plays
14. How Oral Language Supports Vocab- an important role in developing their vo-
ulary Development (Stages of Develop- cabulary.
ment): -The more you read to children, the larg-
er vocabulary they will develop.
-Involves the rules for combining sounds.
-We are not aware of our knowledge of
15. Phonological Component (Oral Lan- these rules, but our ability to understand
guage Dev.-Stages of Development): and pronounce English words demon-
strates that we do know a vast number
of rules.
-Is made up of morphemes, the smallest
units of meaning that may be combined
with each other to make up words (for ex-
ample, paper + s are the two morphemes
16. Semantic Component (Oral Lan-
that make up papers), and sentences.
guage Dev.-Stages of Development):
-A dictionary contains the semantic com-
ponent of a language, but also what
words (and meanings) are important to
the speakers of the language.
17. Syntactic Component (Oral Lan-
guage Dev.-Stages of Development):