Topic 4:Bioenergetics Enable muscle contraction (movement)
Leaf adaptations: o More muscle = more energy
Leaf is thin -> short diffusion path Maintain a steady body temp (keeping warm)
Leaf is broad -> big surface for light o Humans and birds need to eat for
absorption energy
Chlorophyll -> absorb light energy Respiration:
Xylem -> supply the water Process of transferring energy from glucose so
Phloem -> remove the glucose living processes can occur
Air spaces -> diffusion of the gases Exothermic reaction
Guard cells -> regulate the opening & closing Aerobic Respiration:
of the stomata to reduce water loss Complete breakdown of glucose in the
Epidermis -> Transparent to let more light in presence of O2 to release energy
Palisade cell layer -> absorbs more light to Uses oxygen
increase the rate of reaction Transfers most energy
Photosynthesis: Mitochondria
Water + Carbon Dioxide (+light) Oxygen + 6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2
Glucose Oxygen + Glucose Water + Carbon Dioxide
6H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 Anaerobic Respiration:
Process of how plants make glucose (food) Incomplete breakdown of glucose to release
from sunlight energy
Endothermic (takes in energy to the Doesn’t use oxygen
surroundings to the chloroplasts) Transfers little energy
Energy used to break the H2O & CO2 bonds Used as a last resort where there is not
Rate of Photosynthesis: enough oxygen
o Increase Temperature = increased Animals:
rate o C6H12O6 C3H6O3
The enzymes move faster, but o Glucose Lactic Acid
at a certain temp, they Plants:
denature and the rate o C6H12O6 Ethanol + CO2
decreases o Glucose Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
o Light Intensity increases = increased o Used to make bread & alcoholic drinks
rate Response to exercise:
o Carbon Dioxide concentration Heart rate increases
increases = increased rate Breathing rate increases
o Increased chlorophyll = increased rate Breath volume increases
as they convert the light energy to Respiration occurs faster & more oxygen
food for the plant needs to be supplied to cells so more
Limiting Factors: carbon dioxide removed
A factor that limits the rate of a reaction Muscles begin to hurt during exercise
where there is not enough of it The muscles are running out of oxygen for
Environmental condition that restricts rate of aerobic respiration so they start
photosynthesis when there is less of It anaerobically respiring
Can be seen on a graph if the curve levels This creates lactic acid which builds up
Uses of glucose from photosynthesis: creating pain in your leg
Respiration Even when you stop exercising, you still
Converted into insoluble starch for storage (in breath hard because you need more
roots, stems, leaves) oxygen to break down the lactic acid
To produce fat or oil for storage in seeds Oxygen debt – the amount of extra
To produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls oxygen the body needs after exercise to
Combined with nitrates (absorbed from the react with the accumulated lactic acid &
soil) to form amino acids which produce remove it from the cells
proteins Results in muscles getting tired & not
Uses of energy from respiration: contracting properly
Build bigger molecules/proteins Blood flowing through the muscles
o E.g. joining glucose molecules transports lactic acid to the liver
together to make glycogen for storage converted back to glucose
Metabolism:
Leaf adaptations: o More muscle = more energy
Leaf is thin -> short diffusion path Maintain a steady body temp (keeping warm)
Leaf is broad -> big surface for light o Humans and birds need to eat for
absorption energy
Chlorophyll -> absorb light energy Respiration:
Xylem -> supply the water Process of transferring energy from glucose so
Phloem -> remove the glucose living processes can occur
Air spaces -> diffusion of the gases Exothermic reaction
Guard cells -> regulate the opening & closing Aerobic Respiration:
of the stomata to reduce water loss Complete breakdown of glucose in the
Epidermis -> Transparent to let more light in presence of O2 to release energy
Palisade cell layer -> absorbs more light to Uses oxygen
increase the rate of reaction Transfers most energy
Photosynthesis: Mitochondria
Water + Carbon Dioxide (+light) Oxygen + 6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2
Glucose Oxygen + Glucose Water + Carbon Dioxide
6H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 Anaerobic Respiration:
Process of how plants make glucose (food) Incomplete breakdown of glucose to release
from sunlight energy
Endothermic (takes in energy to the Doesn’t use oxygen
surroundings to the chloroplasts) Transfers little energy
Energy used to break the H2O & CO2 bonds Used as a last resort where there is not
Rate of Photosynthesis: enough oxygen
o Increase Temperature = increased Animals:
rate o C6H12O6 C3H6O3
The enzymes move faster, but o Glucose Lactic Acid
at a certain temp, they Plants:
denature and the rate o C6H12O6 Ethanol + CO2
decreases o Glucose Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
o Light Intensity increases = increased o Used to make bread & alcoholic drinks
rate Response to exercise:
o Carbon Dioxide concentration Heart rate increases
increases = increased rate Breathing rate increases
o Increased chlorophyll = increased rate Breath volume increases
as they convert the light energy to Respiration occurs faster & more oxygen
food for the plant needs to be supplied to cells so more
Limiting Factors: carbon dioxide removed
A factor that limits the rate of a reaction Muscles begin to hurt during exercise
where there is not enough of it The muscles are running out of oxygen for
Environmental condition that restricts rate of aerobic respiration so they start
photosynthesis when there is less of It anaerobically respiring
Can be seen on a graph if the curve levels This creates lactic acid which builds up
Uses of glucose from photosynthesis: creating pain in your leg
Respiration Even when you stop exercising, you still
Converted into insoluble starch for storage (in breath hard because you need more
roots, stems, leaves) oxygen to break down the lactic acid
To produce fat or oil for storage in seeds Oxygen debt – the amount of extra
To produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls oxygen the body needs after exercise to
Combined with nitrates (absorbed from the react with the accumulated lactic acid &
soil) to form amino acids which produce remove it from the cells
proteins Results in muscles getting tired & not
Uses of energy from respiration: contracting properly
Build bigger molecules/proteins Blood flowing through the muscles
o E.g. joining glucose molecules transports lactic acid to the liver
together to make glycogen for storage converted back to glucose
Metabolism:
