CLC CERTIFIED LACTATION CONSULTANT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST VERSION>

CLC CERTIFIED LACTATION CONSULTANT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;LATEST VERSION&gt; 1. AAP - ANSWER American Academy of Pediatrics 2. ABM - ANSWER Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 3. AGA - ANSWER Appropriate for gestational age. 4. Alveoli - ANSWER Small glands in the breast that produce breast milk. 5. Amenorrhea - ANSWER The absence of menstruation. 6. Aysemmetric latch - ANSWER Optimal attachment to the breast, where the babies lips are not centered in relationship to the areola, but rather vertically off centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to the edge of the areola and the babies upper lip. 7. Atopy - ANSWER And allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis. 8. (BFHI) Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative - ANSWER The UNICEF baby friendly hospital initiative, an international program recognizing hospitals and birth centers that implement the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding. 9. Bilirubin - ANSWER The byproduct of the breakdown of the hemoglobin portion of red blood cells. 10. Bilirubin Encephalopathy - ANSWER Damage to the brain and central nervous system related to hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice); Also known as "Kernicterus." 11. Milk Bleb - ANSWER A firm, small, white spot near the nipple pore opening containing accumulated milk solids. Also referred to as a milk blister. 12. Block Feeding - ANSWER A pattern of feeding: used to deal with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding, the mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or three feedings to generate mild local pressure to slow down milk production. Then she offers the other breast for another block of time. 13. Blocked Duct - ANSWER A condition in which milk from one part of the breast does not flow well and forms a lump of solidified milk that blocks the milk duct. 14. Brachial Plexus Injury - ANSWER Decreased movement or sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of nerves passing through the shoulder area. This may be caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder area. 15. Bradycardia - ANSWER Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an infant. 16. Pathological Jaundice - ANSWER Before 24 hours of age. Usually due to sepsis or blood incompatibility. 17. Early Onset Jaundice - ANSWER Between 72-96 hours. Often called physiological or "starvation" or "lack of breastfeeding jaundice." Frequently related to underfeeding. 18. Late Onset Jaundice - ANSWER Breast milk jaundice may actually be related to metabolic or other issues with the infant. Presents in second week and persist for up to 12 weeks. 19. Kanagroo Mother Care - ANSWER A special kind of skin to skin holding for premature and fragile babies that has been shown to decrease mortality by 36%, as well as sepsis, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and hospital admission. 20. Preterm babies who receive kangaroo care: - ANSWER Better long-term psychological and can genitive control, improve cerebral blood flow, improved weight gain, may have nostrils decolonized by MRSA/MRSE, have a sleep patterns that are more mature, warmer and more physiologically stable, burn fewer calories than in the incubator, and may have better breastfeeding outcomes. 21. Extremely premature infants who receive an exclusive human milk diet have significantly lower as of which incidences? - ANSWER NEC (Necrotizing enterocolitis) and mortality. 22. During lactation there is a what percent decrease in bone density? - ANSWER 3% to 9% decrease. 23. Newborn expectations: - ANSWER 10-12 feedings per 24 hour time, several bowel movements every day from day 2 through the first 6weeks (quarter sized bowels) & (4 on 4), expect stool color to transition to yellow and seedy by day 5, 1 + heavy wet diaper for each day of life until day 6. (6+ on day 6+). 24. A heavy wet diaper is approximately how much fluid? - ANSWER 4 tablespoons. 25. Postpartum Mood Disorders: - ANSWER Baby blues, postpartum depression, postpartum panic disorder, postpartum obsessive thought disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), postpartum psychosis, dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) 26. A staff member is fond of telling mothers how expensive it is to formula feed infants and how inexpensive it is to breastfeed. What is she doing when she talks to mothers on this topic? Prolonging breastfeeding Promoting breastfeeding Protecting breastfeeding Supporting breastfeeding - ANSWER Promoting breastfeeding 27. Who currently collects the most comprehensive breastfeeding statistics in the United States? The United States Breastfeeding Committee Ross Laboratories The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) The US Department of Agriculture (WIC) - ANSWER CDC 28. Which of the following statements about prolactin is TRUE? Prolactin is a great laxative. Prolactin causes milk to be released. Prolactin causes milk to be made. Prolactin is produced in the renal gland. - ANSWER Prolactin causes milk to be made. 29. An optimal state for breastfeeding is when the baby is: Crying REM sleep Fussy and pulling up legs Deep sleep - ANSWER REM sleep 30. One of the advantages of having babies room-in with their mothers is that: Grandparents can have more contact with the baby Medical records staff can find the baby Mothers can feed when feeding cues are given Babies are more easily fed on a schedule - ANSWER Mothers can feed when feeding cues are given 31. Helping a mother to learn about correctly latching the baby on involves: Observation of pre-feeding and readiness behaviors Starting with the nipple pointing at the baby's chin Waiting until the baby starts crying Shaping the mother's breast like a wedge before putting it into the baby's mouth - ANSWER Observation of pre-feeding and readiness behaviors 32. When latching the baby to the breast: Guide the baby to the breast with pressure to the back of the head. Start with the baby's nose at the level of the nipple. Start with the baby's lips stroking the nipple. Be sure that the baby is first wide awake and ready to feed. - ANSWER Start with the baby's nose at the level of the nipple. 33. One concern about corticosteroids used to prepare baby's lungs for breathing during threatened preterm labor. - ANSWER Delay in Lactogenesis II 34. T or F: Smoking cigarettes is an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding. - ANSWER False 35. T o F: Prolactin levels are high in smoking mothers. - ANSWER False 36. T o F: Babies of Smoking mothers may nap less, according to research. - ANSWER True 37. T o F: Cadmium levels are higher in breastmilk than in formula. - ANSWER True 38. T o F: Soy formula has less cadmium levels than cow milk based formula. - ANSWER False 39. T o F: The low fat solubility of cannabinoids make it difficult to analyze their presence in breastmilk - ANSWER False, the high fat solubility makes it difficult. We know that THC is measurable in milk ~6 days after maternal marijuana use. 40. T o F: Retained placental fragments can impact the increase in milk volume or milk "coming in" - ANSWER True 41. T o F: It is never safe to breastfeed an older baby when pregnant. - ANSWER False 42. T o F: Twins are considered to be tandem nursers. - ANSWER False: Tandem nursing is nursing two babies from different pregnancies at the same time. 43. T o F: The data on pacifiers is contradictory. Even high-level evidence shows some differences in results. - ANSWER True. 44. Concerns about pacifiers include all of the following except: Increased Diarrhea Increased Ear Infections Decreased Ear Infections Possible affect on milk production - ANSWER Decreased Ear Infections 45. T o F: When counseling the use of a pacifier might be the cause of an undiagnosed problem. - ANSWER True; Consider asking "why are you using a pacifier?" 46. Pacifiers: Are easy to clean Never interfere with breastfeeding May have a role in the NICU for infants who are premature Increase the time to oral feed infants - ANSWER May have a role in the NICU for infants who are premature 47. Which of the following are true?: There might be concerns about adequate breast stimulation if a nipple shield is used There are possible concerns about the nutrition of the baby if a nipple shield is used Some studies show there might be use for a nipple shield int he NICE for exclusively pumping mothers, but does not suggest they should always be used. All of the above are true - ANSWER All of the above are true. 48. Which of the following is an advantage of being skin-to-skin for the infant? Babies cry less Babies exercise their lungs with more crying Babies' heart rates become more rapid and uneven None of the above - ANSWER Babies cry less 49. Pregnant women choose formula because they: Think it will be more economical Believe that they will be unable to find breastfeeding help Think their diet lacks adequate quality Feel more comfortable with the idea of formula feeding - ANSWER Feel more comfortable with the idea of formula feeding 50. Smell is: The only sense that is available to the newborn immediately after birth The only sense that is available in utero A sense that helps guide babies to the breast Not available to the newborn immediately after birth - ANSWER A sense that helps guide babies to the breast 51. Studies about mothers' hospital experience indicate that of mothers who intend to breastfeed: The majority of them reported that they were given formula packs at discharge Most reported their baby had not been given a pacifier Most reported that hospitals are very helpful to new mothers according to the mPINC survey Most reported that formula packs at discharge helped them breastfeed better - ANSWER The majority of them reported that they were given formula packs at discharge 52. The following true/false question pertains to the first practice LAT: The infant is in a deep sleep state. - ANSWER F 53. The following true/false question pertains to the first practice LAT: The latch is asymmetrical. - ANSWER T 54. The following true/false question pertains to the first practice LAT: The baby demonstrates a gape response. - ANSWER F 55. The following true/false question pertains to the first practice LAT: The angle is less than 140 degrees. - ANSWER T 56. The following true/false question pertains to the first practice LAT: The jaw motion is rocker. - ANSWER F 57. Which of the following is true ideally? Breastfeeding hurts for 10 days and then gets better. Breastfeeding should not be painful. Breastfeeding hurts for the first couple days and gets better. Breastfeeding hurts for the first few seconds and then gets better during the feeding. - ANSWER Breastfeeding should not be painful. 58. According to research discussed in this section about sore nipples: The best healing took place with glycerine gel therapy The three groups had ratings of less pain after the intervention, including the group that only received corrective intervention assessing latch The group with lanolin healed best None of the above - ANSWER The three groups had ratings of less pain after the intervention, including the group that only received corrective intervention assessing latch 59. In the same research study, pain was found to be associated with all aspects of poor latch. - ANSWER T 60. Observation of more pre-feeding behaviors (feeding babies according to cue) was associated with less sore nipples. - ANSWER T 61. A misshapen nipple at the end of the feeding is an optimal finding, and is not related to feeding issues. - ANSWER F 62. Thompson's research showed that the following was associated with nipple trauma: Shaping the breast A hand on the back of the baby's head Baby's hand covered with mittens 1 and 2 - ANSWER 1 and 2 63. There should be no cupping the breast (c-hold) and the baby should be brought to the breast, not directing the breast to the baby. It is important not to have hands on the back of the baby's head. No more sandwiching the breast. Breastfeeding help should be conducted in a hands-off way. - ANSWER T 64. All-purpose nipple ointment (APNO) was not found to be superior to lanolin when put on damaged nipples. T/F - ANSWER T 65. Green, shiny stools: Are a normal finding Are not related to feeding Are a sign of not enough milk May be a sign of oversupply - ANSWER May be a sign of oversupply 66. Which of the following may not be helpful with oversupply? Decreasing additional nipple stimulation if possible Considering block feeding Trying the Australian posture Suggesting herbs such as sage - ANSWER Suggesting herbs such as sage 67. There are concerns about vitamin E being ingested by the baby when it is put on nipples. T/F - ANSWER T 68. Raynaud's phenomenon is sometimes inappropriately treated for organisms such as yeast. - ANSWER T 69. In this section, we discussed that there is no high-level evidence for tongue tie release and lip tie release to ease breastfeeding difficulties. - ANSWER T 70. Anyone with a lactation credential can diagnose tongue tie. - ANSWER F 71. Parents may be surprised to see milk come out that looks like string when there is: Oversupply Too much prolactin Plugs or caked breasts Mastitis - ANSWER Plugs or caked breasts 72. Blebs sometimes need to be lanced by a surgeon or other appropriate health care provider. - ANSWER T 73. Common mastitis typically occurs in both breasts simultaneously. - ANSWER F 74. One concern about Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is: It can sometimes look like mastitis on the breast. It often looks like yeast. It frequently looks like Raynaud's. It may be mistaken for oversupply. - ANSWER It can sometimes look like mastitis on the breast. 75. Any unusual or suspicious area on or appearance of the breast, nipple or areola should be referred to a qualified health care provider. - ANSWER T Could be MRSA or herpes! 76. Persistent refusal of the baby to nurse on one or both breasts can be concerning. - ANSWER T 77. Cancer diagnosis may be seen as late as 5 years after Goldsmith's sign. - ANSWER T 78. Babies who have difficulty sustaining a feed in the first few days may have one of many conditions, including: High blood sugar Lactose intolerance Autism Spectrum Disorder Jaundice - ANSWER Jaundice 79. As discussed in this section on neonatal hypoglycemia, according to the AAP Committee on the Fetus and Newborns, a reasonable (although arbitrary) cutoff for treating symptomatic infants is: 20 30 40 50 - ANSWER 40 80. Babies who present with jaundice should not breastfeed. - ANSWER F 81. Underfeeding is one reason for early onset jaundice. - ANSWER T 82. The best position for a mother to be in when doing KMC with her premie is laid back. - ANSWER F Upright is best! 83. When a mother is skin to skin with premie twins, each breast warms up to heat the closest baby. - ANSWER T 84. Babies need extra calories when skin to skin because they burn more calories. - ANSWER F 85. According to the research discussed in this section, guidelines for initiation of breastfeeding for preterm infants should be based on age and weight. - ANSWER F 86. Research discussed in this section showed that preterm infants do better on human milk and they have: Better brainstem maturation Greater nuclear gray matter volume More rapid intestinal barrier function All of the above - ANSWER All of the above 87. Use of ___________ during gavage feedings enabled earlier transition to the breast. odor of breastmilk human milk fortifier synthetic oxytocin prolactin inhibitory factor inhibitor - ANSWER odor of breastmilk 88. Infants who have Down Syndrome, may: Struggle with the skill of breastfeeding but breastfeeding may be possible Have depressed reflexes Nurse using the Dancer technique All of the above - ANSWER All of the above 89. For infants with cleft lip or cleft palate, ______ may be the challenge. Making a seal Creating a vacuum Sustaining a feeding All of the above - ANSWER All of the above 90. Milk removal is needed in order to make milk. - ANSWER T 91. Milk expression should start within _________ of birth for the highest milk volume. 4 hours 24 hours 1 hour 3 hours - ANSWER 1 hour 92. Research in this section showed that early hand expression was more effective then pumping on days 1 to 3. - ANSWER T 93. Milk from hand expression, as presented in this section, was found to have higher calories and fat than pumped milk. - ANSWER T 94. Research on guided imagery while expressing milk showed an increase in milk volume. - ANSWER T 95. Recommending herbs is prescribing. - ANSWER T 96. In this section regarding fenugreek: There are concerns that fenugreek can reduce the absorption of other medications (including blood pressure medicine, birth control pills and other medication). The research show it doubles milk production. The research showed that it is effective in improving milk supply. Indicates it is appropriate for non-prescribing helpers to suggest - ANSWER There are concerns that fenugreek can reduce the absorption of other medications (including blood pressure medicine, birth control pills and other medication). Domperidone is: Useful for increasing milk supply FDA approved in the United States Known to be harmless Has rare but serious health risks - ANSWER Has rare but serious health risks