HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Questions
and Answers with Explanations Latest Update
(2025) Graded A+
Q1: Where do the systemic arteries begin?
1. At the lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the blood.
2. At the capillaries, which connect veins to arteries.
3. From the heart's right atrium, which collects deoxygenated blood.
4. With the aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body
Explanation: Systemic arteries begin with the aorta, which is the largest artery in
the body and arises from the left ventricle of the heart. From the aorta, it branches
into smaller arteries that distribute oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
Q2: What substances help digest food in the small intestine?
1. hormones from the adrenal glands assist in digestion.
2. enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas and bile from the liver.
3. only bile from the liver is involved.
4. vitamins from food help digest food.
Explanation: The small intestine receives enzymes from the pancreas and bile
from the liver to help digest food. The enzymes break down carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream.
Q3: How long is the spinal cord?
1. 12 inches long and ends at the sacrum.
2. 30 inches long and branches into the peripheral nerves.
3. 24 inches long and connects to the brainstem.
4. 18 inches long and extends from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
Explanation: The spinal cord is approximately 18 inches (45 cm) long and extends
from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
Q4: What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes?
1. The pigmented protein hemoglobin.
2. Oxytocin (labor hormone)
ADH-Antidiuretic hormone.
3. The neuron.
, 4. The transport of O2.
Explanation: Oxygen is most bound to the pigmented protein hemoglobin in
erythrocytes, which is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's
tissues.
Q5: Where is the heart beat initiated?
1. By the ventricles contracting spontaneously.
2. By the sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium
3. By external electrical stimulation.
4. By the valves opening and closing.
Explanation: The sinoatrial node, also known as the sinus node, is a small group of
cells located in the right atrium that acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart. It
generates electrical impulses at a rate of 60-100 beats per minute, which are then
transmitted to the atrioventricular node and eventually to the ventricles, initiating
the heartbeat.
Q6: What secretion produces oil?
1. Merocrine secretion.
2. Eccrine secretion.
3. Apocrine secretion.
4. Holocrine secretion.
Explanation: Apocrine secretion produces oil, which is a thick, protein-rich
secretion that is often associated with body odor.
Q7: Where is testosterone produced?
1. In the prostate gland of males.
2. In the intersitial cells between the seminiferous tubules.
3. In the ovaries of females.
4. In the adrenal glands above the kidneys.
Explanation: Testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells, also known as
interstitial cells, which are located between the seminiferous tubules in the testes
of males. These cells produce and secrete testosterone into the bloodstream,
playing a crucial role in the development of male characteristics and reproductive
function.
,Q8: What is external respiration?
1. The absorption of nutrients from food in the stomach.
2. The release of carbon dioxide from the body through sweat.
3. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
4. The circulation of blood through the heart chambers.
Explanation: External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli, which is the primary function of the
lungs.
Q9: What is the STH or GH hormone?
1. Parathyroid Hormone
2. Growth Hormone
3. Thyroid Hormone
4. Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Explanation: Growth Hormone (GH) is a polypeptide hormone produced by the
pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. It is also known as
Somatotropin Hormone (STH).
Q10: What happens if fertilization occurs?
1. The corpus luteum stops producing hormones immediately.
2. The corpus luteum degenerates and is reabsorbed.
3. The corpus Luteum remains functional.
4. The corpus luteum becomes a cyst and has no function.
Explanation: After fertilization, the corpus luteum continues to produce
progesterone, which helps to maintain the uterine lining and support the
development of the embryo.
Q11: What is the dermis?
1. The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the
associated skin tissues.
2. The outermost layer of skin that protects against infection.
3. The layer of skin that regulates body temperature.
4. The layer of skin that produces melanin for pigmentation.
, Explanation: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis, comprising
connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, and associated skin tissues,
responsible for regulating body functions such as temperature, sensation, and
immune responses.
Q12: What are the two major groups of hormones?
1. Estrogen and progesterone
2. Endocrine and exocrine
3. Steroid and nonsteroid
4. Protein and nonprotein
Explanation: Hormones are classified into two major groups: endocrine hormones
and exocrine hormones. Endocrine hormones are produced by endocrine glands
such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, and are secreted directly into
the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are produced by exocrine glands such as the
salivary glands and sweat glands, and are secreted through ducts or onto the skin.
Q13: Male reproductive organs
1. [Image: https://o.quizlet.com/eMv4Ta1k7fGo.NRK1wvCBA_m.jpg]
2. Blood pressure aids filtration in the Bowman's capsule
3. Away from the heart
4. 28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium.
Explanation: The image provided is a diagram of the male reproductive organs,
which include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, and urethra.
Q14: What is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron?
1. Sunlight
2. Sodium
3. Protein
4. Water
Explanation: Sodium is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron to conserve water
and maintain proper blood volume and blood pressure.
Q15: Where are sperm stored once mature?
1. Transmit impulses away from the body
2. In the epididymis of each testis.
and Answers with Explanations Latest Update
(2025) Graded A+
Q1: Where do the systemic arteries begin?
1. At the lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the blood.
2. At the capillaries, which connect veins to arteries.
3. From the heart's right atrium, which collects deoxygenated blood.
4. With the aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body
Explanation: Systemic arteries begin with the aorta, which is the largest artery in
the body and arises from the left ventricle of the heart. From the aorta, it branches
into smaller arteries that distribute oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
Q2: What substances help digest food in the small intestine?
1. hormones from the adrenal glands assist in digestion.
2. enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas and bile from the liver.
3. only bile from the liver is involved.
4. vitamins from food help digest food.
Explanation: The small intestine receives enzymes from the pancreas and bile
from the liver to help digest food. The enzymes break down carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream.
Q3: How long is the spinal cord?
1. 12 inches long and ends at the sacrum.
2. 30 inches long and branches into the peripheral nerves.
3. 24 inches long and connects to the brainstem.
4. 18 inches long and extends from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
Explanation: The spinal cord is approximately 18 inches (45 cm) long and extends
from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
Q4: What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes?
1. The pigmented protein hemoglobin.
2. Oxytocin (labor hormone)
ADH-Antidiuretic hormone.
3. The neuron.
, 4. The transport of O2.
Explanation: Oxygen is most bound to the pigmented protein hemoglobin in
erythrocytes, which is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's
tissues.
Q5: Where is the heart beat initiated?
1. By the ventricles contracting spontaneously.
2. By the sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium
3. By external electrical stimulation.
4. By the valves opening and closing.
Explanation: The sinoatrial node, also known as the sinus node, is a small group of
cells located in the right atrium that acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart. It
generates electrical impulses at a rate of 60-100 beats per minute, which are then
transmitted to the atrioventricular node and eventually to the ventricles, initiating
the heartbeat.
Q6: What secretion produces oil?
1. Merocrine secretion.
2. Eccrine secretion.
3. Apocrine secretion.
4. Holocrine secretion.
Explanation: Apocrine secretion produces oil, which is a thick, protein-rich
secretion that is often associated with body odor.
Q7: Where is testosterone produced?
1. In the prostate gland of males.
2. In the intersitial cells between the seminiferous tubules.
3. In the ovaries of females.
4. In the adrenal glands above the kidneys.
Explanation: Testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells, also known as
interstitial cells, which are located between the seminiferous tubules in the testes
of males. These cells produce and secrete testosterone into the bloodstream,
playing a crucial role in the development of male characteristics and reproductive
function.
,Q8: What is external respiration?
1. The absorption of nutrients from food in the stomach.
2. The release of carbon dioxide from the body through sweat.
3. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
4. The circulation of blood through the heart chambers.
Explanation: External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli, which is the primary function of the
lungs.
Q9: What is the STH or GH hormone?
1. Parathyroid Hormone
2. Growth Hormone
3. Thyroid Hormone
4. Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Explanation: Growth Hormone (GH) is a polypeptide hormone produced by the
pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. It is also known as
Somatotropin Hormone (STH).
Q10: What happens if fertilization occurs?
1. The corpus luteum stops producing hormones immediately.
2. The corpus luteum degenerates and is reabsorbed.
3. The corpus Luteum remains functional.
4. The corpus luteum becomes a cyst and has no function.
Explanation: After fertilization, the corpus luteum continues to produce
progesterone, which helps to maintain the uterine lining and support the
development of the embryo.
Q11: What is the dermis?
1. The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the
associated skin tissues.
2. The outermost layer of skin that protects against infection.
3. The layer of skin that regulates body temperature.
4. The layer of skin that produces melanin for pigmentation.
, Explanation: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis, comprising
connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, and associated skin tissues,
responsible for regulating body functions such as temperature, sensation, and
immune responses.
Q12: What are the two major groups of hormones?
1. Estrogen and progesterone
2. Endocrine and exocrine
3. Steroid and nonsteroid
4. Protein and nonprotein
Explanation: Hormones are classified into two major groups: endocrine hormones
and exocrine hormones. Endocrine hormones are produced by endocrine glands
such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, and are secreted directly into
the bloodstream. Exocrine hormones are produced by exocrine glands such as the
salivary glands and sweat glands, and are secreted through ducts or onto the skin.
Q13: Male reproductive organs
1. [Image: https://o.quizlet.com/eMv4Ta1k7fGo.NRK1wvCBA_m.jpg]
2. Blood pressure aids filtration in the Bowman's capsule
3. Away from the heart
4. 28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium.
Explanation: The image provided is a diagram of the male reproductive organs,
which include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, and urethra.
Q14: What is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron?
1. Sunlight
2. Sodium
3. Protein
4. Water
Explanation: Sodium is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron to conserve water
and maintain proper blood volume and blood pressure.
Q15: Where are sperm stored once mature?
1. Transmit impulses away from the body
2. In the epididymis of each testis.
