WISCONSIN PESTICIDE APPLICATOR EXAM REVIEW

WISCONSIN PESTICIDE APPLICATOR
EXAM REVIEW: TURF & LANDSCAPE



Ch.144List44the44general44kinds44of44damage44insect44pests44can44cause44-44answer---
Chew44on44seeds,44roots,44leaves,44stems,44&44fruits
-Tunnel44in44roots,44stems,44&44leaves44
-Suck44plant44juices
-Promote44gall44formation44and44other44malformations44
-Inject44toxins44into44plants44-Transmit44diseases44to44plants
-Create44a44nuisance44for44people

Ch.144Describe44the44structural44features44of44insects44-44answer--
Insects44have:44body44form44has44344regions:44head,44thorax,44abdomen;44344pairs44of44l
egs44attached44to44thorax;440,441,44or44244pairs44of44wings44attached44to44thorax;44144pai
r44of44antennae

Ch.144Explain44how44to44distinguish44insects44from44other44arthropods44-44answer--
Arthropods44have:44exoskeleton;44body44form44has44244regions:44head44&44abdomen;44u
sually44444pairs44of44legs44attached44to44head;44no44wings;44no44antennae

Ch.144Contrast44the44difference44between44simple44and44complete44metamorphosis44-
44answer---Simple:44"Incomplete44Metamorphosis";44344stages:44egg,44nymph,44&44adult
-Complete:44444distinct44stages:44egg,44larva,44pupa,44&44adult

Ch.144Explain44how44temperature44and44humidity44affect44insect44development44-
44answer--*Temperature44&44humidity44preferences44vary44for44each44insect.
*Combined44effect44of44both44on44reproduction44&44development44is44more44dramatically
44different44than44the44effect44of44either44alone.
-
Temperature:44development44is44faster44with44heat44&44slower44with44cold44temps;44inse
cts44die44at44the44high44levels44of44developmental44threshold44temps44and44become44ina
ctive44at44low44levels
-Humidity:44effects44insect44diseases;44effects44moisture44levels44required44for44survival

Ch.144List44the44advantages44and44disadvantages44of44using44insecticides44-44answer--
Advantages:44
-Effective44against44economically44damaging44pests
-Can44combine44144or44244insecticides44to44combat44several44pests

,-They44act44quickly44to44control44pests44before44reaching44damaging44levels
-
For44new44pests,44there44are44many44compounds44that44have44been44proven44effective4
4
-
Effective44insecticides,44suitable44formulations,44&44application44equipment44are44norma
lly44available
Disadvantages:44
-
Often44eliminate44beneficial44insects,44allowing44target44organisms44to44rebound44quickl
y44
-Repeated44exposure44can44lead44to44resistance44in44a44pest44population
-Yearly44dependence44on44applications44is44an44added44cost
-Always44a44potential44for44drift,44residues,44and44damage

Ch.244Explain44what44determines44whether44a44given44plant44is44a44weed44-44answer--
Weeds44are44unwanted44plants

Ch.244List44the44two44main44goals44of44weed44management44-44answer--
1.44Minimize44weed44competition
2.44Limit44the44weed's44reproduction44so44that44you44can44still44manage44the44weed44po
pulation44in44future44years

Ch.244Describe44ways44that44weeds44can44pose44problems44in44turf44and44landscapes44(
7)44-44answer---Interfere44with44management44practices
-
Produce44chemical44inhibitors44that44directly44retard44the44growth44of44desirable44plants4
4(allelopathy)
-Create44a44poor44impression44on44customers
-Interferes44with44pesticide44applications
-Support44insect44pests44and44plant44diseases44or44provide44cover44for44rodents
-Are44poisonous,44allergenic,44or44irritating44to44people44or44pets
-Dry44out44or44die44and44become44fire44hazards

Ch.244Distinguish44grasses44from44broadleaf44plants44and44woody44from44herbaceous44
plants44-44answer---
Grasses44(Monocots):44most44common44weeds;44have44a44single44seed44leaf44(cotyledo
n)44when44they44germinate;44narrow44leaves44with44parallel44viens
-
Broadleaves44(Dicots):44have44244seed44leaves44when44they44germinate;44veins44form44
a44net-
like44or44branching44pattern;44can44be44broken44down44into44Woody44and44Herbaceous4
4plants
-->44Woody:44have44thickened44outer44layer44on44stems44(bark)
-->44Herbaceous:44lacks44bark

,Ch.44244Describe44the44life44cycles44and44propagation44of44annual,44biennial,44and44pere
nnial44plants44-44answer---
Annuals:44live44less44than441244months;44most44seeds44germinate44the44following44year,
44some44are44dormant44taking44several44years;44prolific44seed44producers.
-->44Summer44Annuals:44germinate44from44seed44in44spring,44flower/
produce44seeds44in44summer,44die44in44late44summer/early44fall.
-->44Winter44Annuals:44germinate44from44seed44in44fall,44overwinter44as44low-
growing44plants,44flower/produce44seeds44in44spring,44then44die.
-
Biennials:44live44for44244growing44seasons;44germinate44from44seeds44in44spring44or44su
mmer44and44produce44a44rosette44of44leaves,44overwinter44in44rosette44stage,44flower44t
he44following44year,44produce44seed,44and44die.
-
Perennials:44live44for44at44least44244years,44sometimes44longer;44may44reproduce44by44s
eed44or44spread44vegetatively44(stolons,44rhizomes,44spreading44roots,44tubers,44bulbs)

Ch.244Outline44what44is44needed44to44kill44annual,44biennial,44and44perennial44weeds44a
nd44when44it44is44easiest44to44do44so44-44answer---
Annuals:44kill44the44whole44shoot44by44tillage44or44with44herbicides44during44seeding44sta
ge.
-->44Summer44Annuals:44kill44with44tillage44or44herbicides44during44seeding44stage.
-->44Winter44Annuals:44kill44with44tillage44or44herbicides44during44seeding44stage.
-Biennials:44best44controlled44with44herbicides44during44rosette44stage.
Perennials:44controlled44by44repeatedly44tilling44or44with44herbicides44that44translocates4
4to44all44plant44parts.


Ch.244Distinguish44the44difference44between44preplant,44preemergence,44and44postemer
gence44herbicide44applications44-44answer---Preplant:44done44before44planting.
-Preemergence:44usually44(not44always)44done44after44planting44but44before44plants/
weeds44emerge.
-Postemergence:44done44selectively44after44plants/
weeds44emerge;44timing44is44important;44if44the44desirable44plant44is44smaller44or44larger
44than44the44growth44stage44listed44on44the44label,44it44may44be44damaged44by44the44her
bicide.

Ch.244Explain44the44effects44of44soil44texture,44organic44matter,44and44pH44and44herbicid
e44persistence44on44herbicide44activity44-44answer---
Fine44textured44soils44or44soils44with44high44organic44matter44often44require44higher44her
bicide44rates44than44soils44with44coarser44texture44or44low44organic44matter.
-
Some44herbicides44prohibit44product44use44on44certain44soils44with44a44light44texture,44lo
w44organic44matter,44or44high44pH44to44guard44against44excessive44plant44damage44or44
herbicide44persistence.
-
Excessive44leaching44on44sandy44soils44with44shallow44water44tables44may44result44in44g
roundwater44contamination.

, Ch.244Describe44how44and44when44to44make44a44basal-bark44treatment44-44answer---
Apply44spray44to44lower441844inches44of44stems
-Thoroughly44wet44stem,44crown,44and44exposed44roots
-
Can44make44treatments44throughout44the44year44as44long44as44the44bark44is44not44wet44
or44when44snow44or44water44prevent44spraying44to44the44ground

Ch.244Describe44how44and44when44to44make44an44effective44cut-stump44treatment44-
44answer---
Recommended44for44plants44with44thick44bark44or44trunk44is44greater44than44544inches44i
n44diameter.
-
Thoroughly44wet44plant44so44runoff44covers44barks,44crown44buds,44exposed44roots,44ro
ot44collar,44outer44portion44of44cut44surface.
-
Should44be44applied44to44cut44surface44before44exposed44plant44tissue44dries,44within442
-344hours.

Ch.244List44steps44to44take44when44applying44herbicides44to44minimize44adverse44effects
44in44urban44areas44-44answer---
Prevent44spray44drift,44drift44of44volatile44products,44runoff.
-
Spray44when44weeds44are44most44susceptible44so44the44minimum44amount44of44herbicid
e44results44in44maximum44weed44control.
-Use44less44volatile44formations
-Apply44on44days44when44temps44are44less44than448044degrees44F
-
Avoid44spraying44during44midsummer;44garden44plants44and44vegetables44are44more44s
usceptible.
-Avoid44applying44herbicides44on44dry,44compacted44soils
-Keep44pesticides44off44impermeable44surfaces

Chapter44244Know44the44Law44-44answer--
State44and44local44laws44require44landowners44to44control44certain44weeds44to44prevent4
4their44spread44and44distribution


Ch.344Define44plant44disease44and44what44causes44it44-44answer--
Any44harmful44change44in44the44physiology44and/
or44structure44of44a44plant44caused44by44some44outside44agent.

Ch.344List44examples44of44the44major44groups44of44plant44pathogens44(7)44-44answer---
Fungi44(blights)
-Oomycetes44(downy44mildews)44-Nematodes44(root44rot)
-Bacteria44(fire44blight
-Phytoplasmas44(corn44stunts)