Examl 2:l BIOl 322/l BIO322l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Appliedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Hemophilia
Answer:
-l Anl X-linkedl recessivel disorderl inl whichl bloodl failsl tol clotl properly,l leadingl tol
excessivel bleedingl ifl injured.
-l Typel A:l 80%-l clottingl factorl VIIIl missingl
-l Typel B:l 15%-l clottingl factorl IXl missingl (christmasl disease)
-l Typel C:l Rare-l clottingl factorl XIl missingl autosomall recessivel
S/S:l Hematomas,l Hemarthrosisl (jointl pain),l epistaxis,l hematurial (lessl common),l
hemophiliacsl bleedl longerl notl faster,l bleedingl afterl circumcision.
Labs:l increasedl aPTT,l normall PT,l normall BT,l PLTl countl normall
Tx:l Factorl VIII-l DDVAP,l replacel Factorl VIII
l Factorl IX-l replacel factorl IX
QUESTION
Vonl Willebrandl Disease
Answer:
-l mostl commonl inheritedl bleedingl disorder.
-l lowl vWFl
-l autosomall dominantl
-l Pathophys:l Decreasedl plateletl aggregation-l slowl primaryl hemostasisl andl decreasedl
adherencel tol vascularl injuryl
-l Pathophys:l Decreasedl plateletl aggregation-l slowl primaryl hemostasisl andl decreasedl
adherencel tol vascularl injuryl
S/S:l Epistaxis,l petechia,l easyl bruising,l increasedl BTl
,Dx:l Increasedl BT,l Increasedl aPTT,l PTl isl normal,l Plateletl countl normal,l vWFl
level,Ristocetinl cofactorl assay-l mostl accurate
QUESTION
Fibrinolysis
Answer:
-l Breakdownl andl removall ofl al clot.
-l Tissuel Plasminogenl Activatorl (tPA):l activatesl plasminogenl intol plasmin,l plasminl
digestsl fibrinl strands.
-l Clotl buster:l usefull whenl treatingl MI,l CVA,l PE
-l D-Dimerl Test:l Testl forl Fibrinl Splitl Products:l Highl inl DIC,l DVT,l PEl andl Stroke
QUESTION
DIC
Answer:
-l disseminatedl intravascularl coagulation-l thisl conditionl usesl upl thel blood'sl clottingl
factors,l leavingl patientl vulnerablel tol bleeding
-l hypercoagulation,l thrombosis,l hemorrhagel occurl togetherl
-l widespreadl clottingl andl widespreadl hemorrhagel
-l Causes:l Sepsisl (MCC),l bacterial,l fungi,l viruses,l cancers,l placentall abruptions,l
anesthesia,l severel burns,l majorl traumal =l alll causel endotheliall damagel
-l S/S:l Factorl bleedingl andl plateletl bleeding,l bleedingl froml IV,l bruisingl andl petechia,l
hypotension,l tachycardial
-l DX:l
increasedl PT,l PTT,l aPTT,l BT,l fibrinogenl andl D-dimerl
decreasedl plateletl countl
-l Tx:l Platelets,l heparinl +-l cryoprecipitate+l tryl tol keepl alive,l NOl HEPARINl INl SEPSIS
QUESTION
arteriosclerosis
, Answer:
hardeningl ofl thel arteries
Ex:l atherosclerosis
QUESTION
Atherosclerosis
Answer:
-l Accumulationl ofl foaml cells(lipidl filledl macrophages)l inl arteriall wall
-l Foaml celll buildl upl isl calledl plaquel
-l Leadingl causel ofl CADl andl CVD
QUESTION
Atherosclerosisl Riskl Factors
Answer:
Nonmodifiablel
l -Age
l -Gender
l -Ethnicityl
l -Geneticl Predisposition
Modifiablel
l -Smoking
l -Obesityl
l -Sedentaryl
l -Lifestyle,l Cholestroll Levels,l Alcoholl intake,l otherl illnesses
QUESTION
LDLl vsl HDL
Answer:
2026l Update)l Appliedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Hemophilia
Answer:
-l Anl X-linkedl recessivel disorderl inl whichl bloodl failsl tol clotl properly,l leadingl tol
excessivel bleedingl ifl injured.
-l Typel A:l 80%-l clottingl factorl VIIIl missingl
-l Typel B:l 15%-l clottingl factorl IXl missingl (christmasl disease)
-l Typel C:l Rare-l clottingl factorl XIl missingl autosomall recessivel
S/S:l Hematomas,l Hemarthrosisl (jointl pain),l epistaxis,l hematurial (lessl common),l
hemophiliacsl bleedl longerl notl faster,l bleedingl afterl circumcision.
Labs:l increasedl aPTT,l normall PT,l normall BT,l PLTl countl normall
Tx:l Factorl VIII-l DDVAP,l replacel Factorl VIII
l Factorl IX-l replacel factorl IX
QUESTION
Vonl Willebrandl Disease
Answer:
-l mostl commonl inheritedl bleedingl disorder.
-l lowl vWFl
-l autosomall dominantl
-l Pathophys:l Decreasedl plateletl aggregation-l slowl primaryl hemostasisl andl decreasedl
adherencel tol vascularl injuryl
-l Pathophys:l Decreasedl plateletl aggregation-l slowl primaryl hemostasisl andl decreasedl
adherencel tol vascularl injuryl
S/S:l Epistaxis,l petechia,l easyl bruising,l increasedl BTl
,Dx:l Increasedl BT,l Increasedl aPTT,l PTl isl normal,l Plateletl countl normal,l vWFl
level,Ristocetinl cofactorl assay-l mostl accurate
QUESTION
Fibrinolysis
Answer:
-l Breakdownl andl removall ofl al clot.
-l Tissuel Plasminogenl Activatorl (tPA):l activatesl plasminogenl intol plasmin,l plasminl
digestsl fibrinl strands.
-l Clotl buster:l usefull whenl treatingl MI,l CVA,l PE
-l D-Dimerl Test:l Testl forl Fibrinl Splitl Products:l Highl inl DIC,l DVT,l PEl andl Stroke
QUESTION
DIC
Answer:
-l disseminatedl intravascularl coagulation-l thisl conditionl usesl upl thel blood'sl clottingl
factors,l leavingl patientl vulnerablel tol bleeding
-l hypercoagulation,l thrombosis,l hemorrhagel occurl togetherl
-l widespreadl clottingl andl widespreadl hemorrhagel
-l Causes:l Sepsisl (MCC),l bacterial,l fungi,l viruses,l cancers,l placentall abruptions,l
anesthesia,l severel burns,l majorl traumal =l alll causel endotheliall damagel
-l S/S:l Factorl bleedingl andl plateletl bleeding,l bleedingl froml IV,l bruisingl andl petechia,l
hypotension,l tachycardial
-l DX:l
increasedl PT,l PTT,l aPTT,l BT,l fibrinogenl andl D-dimerl
decreasedl plateletl countl
-l Tx:l Platelets,l heparinl +-l cryoprecipitate+l tryl tol keepl alive,l NOl HEPARINl INl SEPSIS
QUESTION
arteriosclerosis
, Answer:
hardeningl ofl thel arteries
Ex:l atherosclerosis
QUESTION
Atherosclerosis
Answer:
-l Accumulationl ofl foaml cells(lipidl filledl macrophages)l inl arteriall wall
-l Foaml celll buildl upl isl calledl plaquel
-l Leadingl causel ofl CADl andl CVD
QUESTION
Atherosclerosisl Riskl Factors
Answer:
Nonmodifiablel
l -Age
l -Gender
l -Ethnicityl
l -Geneticl Predisposition
Modifiablel
l -Smoking
l -Obesityl
l -Sedentaryl
l -Lifestyle,l Cholestroll Levels,l Alcoholl intake,l otherl illnesses
QUESTION
LDLl vsl HDL
Answer:
