NUR 641E Final Exam Comprehensive
Questions (Frequently Tested) with
Verified Answers Graded A+
Absorption - Answer: from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma
Distribution - Answer: Reversibly or irreversibly move from bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid
Metabolism - Answer: Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
Elimination - Answer: Lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
IV - Answer: -highest bioavailability
-bypasses absorption
-*avoids first pass in the liver*
rectal - Answer: -erratic and variable absorption
4-5 - Answer: SS achieved in _-_ half lives
Half-life - Answer: -how long it takes for drug to be excreted from the body
-determines frequency of administration
-predicts how long toxic effects can last
,first-order (linear) pharmacokinetics - Answer: metabolism is directly proportional to the free
concentration of the drug
zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - Answer: drug is metabolized at a constant rate per
unit of time
CYP3A4 substrates - Answer: may have decreased activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used
along with it
Discovery - Answer: laboratory research to develop the new drug
Preclinical research - Answer: animal testing for safety
Phase I - Answer: clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication PK
Phase II - Answer: clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety usually in a
population for which the treatment is intended
Phase III - Answer: clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications
or placebo for efficacy and safety
Phase IV - Answer: post marketing surveillance. Reporting of adverse effects not identified in
earlier clinical studies
medication safety organizations - Answer: -ISMP
-IOM
-Joint Commission
, -NCC MERP
-FDA Safe Use Initiative
pharmacological ADR - Answer: -80-90% of ADRs
-an extension of the pharmacological affect of the drug
-ex. overdose
idiosyncratic ADR - Answer: -separate from the pharmacological affect of the drug
-commonly immune mediated response
does not - Answer: the FDA does/does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy - Answer: involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple
medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
ACEI - Answer: -Lisinopril, captopril, enalopil, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril
-suppress the release of ACE
ACEI (side effects) - Answer: -cough
-angioedema
-discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs
ARBs - Answer: -block angiotensin II receptors
primary hypertension - Answer: -denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause; also
called essential hypertension
-90% of cases
Questions (Frequently Tested) with
Verified Answers Graded A+
Absorption - Answer: from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma
Distribution - Answer: Reversibly or irreversibly move from bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid
Metabolism - Answer: Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
Elimination - Answer: Lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
IV - Answer: -highest bioavailability
-bypasses absorption
-*avoids first pass in the liver*
rectal - Answer: -erratic and variable absorption
4-5 - Answer: SS achieved in _-_ half lives
Half-life - Answer: -how long it takes for drug to be excreted from the body
-determines frequency of administration
-predicts how long toxic effects can last
,first-order (linear) pharmacokinetics - Answer: metabolism is directly proportional to the free
concentration of the drug
zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - Answer: drug is metabolized at a constant rate per
unit of time
CYP3A4 substrates - Answer: may have decreased activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used
along with it
Discovery - Answer: laboratory research to develop the new drug
Preclinical research - Answer: animal testing for safety
Phase I - Answer: clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication PK
Phase II - Answer: clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety usually in a
population for which the treatment is intended
Phase III - Answer: clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications
or placebo for efficacy and safety
Phase IV - Answer: post marketing surveillance. Reporting of adverse effects not identified in
earlier clinical studies
medication safety organizations - Answer: -ISMP
-IOM
-Joint Commission
, -NCC MERP
-FDA Safe Use Initiative
pharmacological ADR - Answer: -80-90% of ADRs
-an extension of the pharmacological affect of the drug
-ex. overdose
idiosyncratic ADR - Answer: -separate from the pharmacological affect of the drug
-commonly immune mediated response
does not - Answer: the FDA does/does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy - Answer: involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple
medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
ACEI - Answer: -Lisinopril, captopril, enalopil, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril
-suppress the release of ACE
ACEI (side effects) - Answer: -cough
-angioedema
-discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs
ARBs - Answer: -block angiotensin II receptors
primary hypertension - Answer: -denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause; also
called essential hypertension
-90% of cases
