HESI Biology 5th Edition Exam
Questions and Answers
DNA - ANSWER-molecules of inheritance
Metabolism - ANSWER-Sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
metabolic pathways are - ANSWER-sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical
reactions in a cell, progressing from high energy to low energy
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - ANSWER-- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane
bound organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
Nucleus - ANSWER-A part of the cell containing DNA in masses called
chromosomes for the use of REPAIR and REPLICATION
Ribosomes - ANSWER-site of protein synthesis
translates RNA into amino acid chains
Endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER-Rough ER- responsible for protein synthesis and
membrane production
Smooth ER-DETOXification and metabolism of multiple molecules (prominent in
kidney cells for detox, adrenal cells for producing lipids+steroids+hormones,
phosopholipids, muscle cells to release calcium)
Nucleolus - ANSWER-Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER-Postal service: A system of membranes that modifies
and packages proteins for export by the cell
Lysosomes - ANSWER-Clean up crew:
Intracellular digestion takes place within lysosomes using hydrolytic enzymes to
break down (hydrolyze) proteins, fats, sugars, nucleic acids). Acidic pH 4.5
Vaculoues - ANSWER-membrane-enclosed structures that have various functions
depending on cell type:
Phagocytosis (food vacuole),
In plant cells: storage, waste disposal, protection, hydrolysis.
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and
engulf large particles and take them into the cell
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP
ENERGY production
, Microtubules function - ANSWER-Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in
intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if
present.
Chloroplasts - ANSWER-Capture ENERGY from sunlight and use it to produce food
for the cell
cell membrane - ANSWER-Bilayer of phospholipids that protects inner cell.
Selectively permeable and regulates what comes in and out.
Respiration equation - ANSWER-C6H12O6 (glucose)+ 6O2 --→ 6CO2 + 6H20 +
Energy
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANSWER-main energy source that cells use for
most of their work
NADH - ANSWER-the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that
functions in cellular respiration.
PRECURSOR to produce greater amounts of ATP in electron transport chain
products of glycolysis - ANSWER-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
Products of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) - ANSWER-6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4
CO2
Finishes break down of glucose (pyruvate)
Glycolysis Location and function - ANSWER-(Location: cytoplasm) First step in
releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two
molecules of pyruvic acid
Citric Acid Cycle Location - ANSWER-Location: Matrix of mitochondria
Electron transport chain products - ANSWER-28-32 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
How much ATP produced in cell respiration per glucose molecule? - ANSWER-32-
36
Photosynthesis equation - ANSWER-6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 +
6O2
light reactions in photosynthesis - ANSWER-reactions of photosynthesis that use
energy from light to split a water molecule and produce ATP and NADPH for the
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle - ANSWER-light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which
energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as
sugar
Questions and Answers
DNA - ANSWER-molecules of inheritance
Metabolism - ANSWER-Sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
metabolic pathways are - ANSWER-sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical
reactions in a cell, progressing from high energy to low energy
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - ANSWER-- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane
bound organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
Nucleus - ANSWER-A part of the cell containing DNA in masses called
chromosomes for the use of REPAIR and REPLICATION
Ribosomes - ANSWER-site of protein synthesis
translates RNA into amino acid chains
Endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER-Rough ER- responsible for protein synthesis and
membrane production
Smooth ER-DETOXification and metabolism of multiple molecules (prominent in
kidney cells for detox, adrenal cells for producing lipids+steroids+hormones,
phosopholipids, muscle cells to release calcium)
Nucleolus - ANSWER-Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER-Postal service: A system of membranes that modifies
and packages proteins for export by the cell
Lysosomes - ANSWER-Clean up crew:
Intracellular digestion takes place within lysosomes using hydrolytic enzymes to
break down (hydrolyze) proteins, fats, sugars, nucleic acids). Acidic pH 4.5
Vaculoues - ANSWER-membrane-enclosed structures that have various functions
depending on cell type:
Phagocytosis (food vacuole),
In plant cells: storage, waste disposal, protection, hydrolysis.
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and
engulf large particles and take them into the cell
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP
ENERGY production
, Microtubules function - ANSWER-Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in
intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if
present.
Chloroplasts - ANSWER-Capture ENERGY from sunlight and use it to produce food
for the cell
cell membrane - ANSWER-Bilayer of phospholipids that protects inner cell.
Selectively permeable and regulates what comes in and out.
Respiration equation - ANSWER-C6H12O6 (glucose)+ 6O2 --→ 6CO2 + 6H20 +
Energy
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANSWER-main energy source that cells use for
most of their work
NADH - ANSWER-the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that
functions in cellular respiration.
PRECURSOR to produce greater amounts of ATP in electron transport chain
products of glycolysis - ANSWER-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
Products of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) - ANSWER-6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4
CO2
Finishes break down of glucose (pyruvate)
Glycolysis Location and function - ANSWER-(Location: cytoplasm) First step in
releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two
molecules of pyruvic acid
Citric Acid Cycle Location - ANSWER-Location: Matrix of mitochondria
Electron transport chain products - ANSWER-28-32 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
How much ATP produced in cell respiration per glucose molecule? - ANSWER-32-
36
Photosynthesis equation - ANSWER-6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 +
6O2
light reactions in photosynthesis - ANSWER-reactions of photosynthesis that use
energy from light to split a water molecule and produce ATP and NADPH for the
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle - ANSWER-light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which
energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as
sugar
