COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY CONCEPTS INSIDER ACCESS OF
2025/2026 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS
RATE
Anatomy - The structure of body parts and their relationships.
Physiology - The study of how body structures and systems function.
Cell - The fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms.
Organism - The highest level of complexity, consisting of multiple organ systems working
together.
Anatomical position - Characterized by the arms at the sides with palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane - Divides the body into right and left sections.
Proximal - Describes a body part that is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.
Dorsal cavity - Houses the brain (cranial cavity) and the spinal cord (vertebral cavity).
Homeostasis - The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
Negative feedback - Most commonly used feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis by
reducing deviations from a set point.
Temperature regulation - An example of negative feedback where the body counteracts
temperature changes.
Circulatory system - Responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
,Respiratory system - Facilitates gas exchange to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Feedback system - Includes major components such as Receptor, Control center, and Effector.
Enzyme - Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions but are not direct components of feedback
systems.
Thoracic cavity - The thoracic cavity houses the heart (within the pericardial cavity) and lungs
(within the pleural cavities).
Endocrine system - The endocrine system releases hormones to regulate bodily functions.
Nervous system - The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities through electrical
and chemical signaling.
Skeletal system - The skeletal system provides support, produces blood cells, and protects vital
organs.
Diaphragm - The diaphragm is a muscle that divides the thoracic cavity (above) and the
abdominal cavity (below).
Basic structural and functional unit - The basic structural and functional unit of all living
organisms is the cell.
Nucleus - The nucleus controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic material.
Ribosomes - The function of ribosomes in a cell is to synthesize proteins.
Mitochondrion - The mitochondrion is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP.
Cell membrane - The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the
cell.
,Active transport - Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against a
concentration gradient.
Osmosis - Osmosis allows water molecules to move across a semipermeable membrane from a
region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration.
Facilitated diffusion - Facilitated diffusion is an example of passive transport.
Endocytosis - Endocytosis is the uptake of substances into a cell by engulfing them.
Carrier proteins - Carrier proteins help move molecules across the membrane without energy.
Cellular respiration - The organelle primarily responsible for cellular respiration is the
mitochondrion.
ATP - ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells.
Glycolysis - To break down glucose for ATP production
Anaerobic respiration - Produces lactic acid in human cells without oxygen
Electron transport chain - A major ATP-producing pathway located in the mitochondrion
Mitosis - The division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells
Metaphase - The phase of mitosis that involves the alignment of chromosomes in the center of
the cell
Apoptosis - To remove damaged or unnecessary cells
, Stem cells - They differentiate into specialized cell types
Meiosis - Cell division that results in the formation of four non-identical daughter cells
Mitochondria - Produce ATP for energy
Flat bones - Provide protection and serve as sites for muscle attachment
Epiphysis - Contains red marrow for blood cell production and yellow marrow for fat storage
Ball-and-socket joint - Allows for the greatest range of motion
Hinge joint - A type of joint that allows movement in one plane.
Pivot joint - Allows rotation around a single axis.
Saddle joint - Allows movement in two planes, resembling a saddle.
Axial skeleton - Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Longest and strongest bone - The femur, which supports body weight and facilitates movement.
FOOSH injury - A common cause of distal radius fractures when falling on an outstretched hand.
Cervical spine - The most mobile part of the vertebral column, vulnerable to injury in high-speed
crashes.
Comminuted fracture - Occurs when the bone is shattered into multiple pieces and often requires
surgical intervention.
PHYSIOLOGY CONCEPTS INSIDER ACCESS OF
2025/2026 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS
RATE
Anatomy - The structure of body parts and their relationships.
Physiology - The study of how body structures and systems function.
Cell - The fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms.
Organism - The highest level of complexity, consisting of multiple organ systems working
together.
Anatomical position - Characterized by the arms at the sides with palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane - Divides the body into right and left sections.
Proximal - Describes a body part that is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.
Dorsal cavity - Houses the brain (cranial cavity) and the spinal cord (vertebral cavity).
Homeostasis - The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
Negative feedback - Most commonly used feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis by
reducing deviations from a set point.
Temperature regulation - An example of negative feedback where the body counteracts
temperature changes.
Circulatory system - Responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
,Respiratory system - Facilitates gas exchange to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Feedback system - Includes major components such as Receptor, Control center, and Effector.
Enzyme - Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions but are not direct components of feedback
systems.
Thoracic cavity - The thoracic cavity houses the heart (within the pericardial cavity) and lungs
(within the pleural cavities).
Endocrine system - The endocrine system releases hormones to regulate bodily functions.
Nervous system - The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities through electrical
and chemical signaling.
Skeletal system - The skeletal system provides support, produces blood cells, and protects vital
organs.
Diaphragm - The diaphragm is a muscle that divides the thoracic cavity (above) and the
abdominal cavity (below).
Basic structural and functional unit - The basic structural and functional unit of all living
organisms is the cell.
Nucleus - The nucleus controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic material.
Ribosomes - The function of ribosomes in a cell is to synthesize proteins.
Mitochondrion - The mitochondrion is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP.
Cell membrane - The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the
cell.
,Active transport - Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against a
concentration gradient.
Osmosis - Osmosis allows water molecules to move across a semipermeable membrane from a
region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration.
Facilitated diffusion - Facilitated diffusion is an example of passive transport.
Endocytosis - Endocytosis is the uptake of substances into a cell by engulfing them.
Carrier proteins - Carrier proteins help move molecules across the membrane without energy.
Cellular respiration - The organelle primarily responsible for cellular respiration is the
mitochondrion.
ATP - ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells.
Glycolysis - To break down glucose for ATP production
Anaerobic respiration - Produces lactic acid in human cells without oxygen
Electron transport chain - A major ATP-producing pathway located in the mitochondrion
Mitosis - The division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells
Metaphase - The phase of mitosis that involves the alignment of chromosomes in the center of
the cell
Apoptosis - To remove damaged or unnecessary cells
, Stem cells - They differentiate into specialized cell types
Meiosis - Cell division that results in the formation of four non-identical daughter cells
Mitochondria - Produce ATP for energy
Flat bones - Provide protection and serve as sites for muscle attachment
Epiphysis - Contains red marrow for blood cell production and yellow marrow for fat storage
Ball-and-socket joint - Allows for the greatest range of motion
Hinge joint - A type of joint that allows movement in one plane.
Pivot joint - Allows rotation around a single axis.
Saddle joint - Allows movement in two planes, resembling a saddle.
Axial skeleton - Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Longest and strongest bone - The femur, which supports body weight and facilitates movement.
FOOSH injury - A common cause of distal radius fractures when falling on an outstretched hand.
Cervical spine - The most mobile part of the vertebral column, vulnerable to injury in high-speed
crashes.
Comminuted fracture - Occurs when the bone is shattered into multiple pieces and often requires
surgical intervention.
