NUR 612 EXAM 1 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Verified By Experts| Latest Update
Guaranteed Success
Physiologic Reserve The ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to
adapt
EXAMPLES
Increase in red blood cells and increased oxygen
Liver cells and nutrient storage
Bone and calcium storage
Anatomic Reserve Paired organs where both of the pair are not needed to ensure the
continued existence and maintenance of the internal environment
Lungs, kidneys, and adrenals
Reactions to Acute Stress: FIGHT or FLIGHT Facilitation of neural pathways mediating
arousal
Alertness
Vigilance
Cognition
Focused attention
Appropriate aggression
Effects of Chronic Stress Pathophysiologic changes occur.
Altered physiological function
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Immune
Neurologic systems
,Altered psychological factors
Depression
Accidents
Suicide
Chronic alcoholism
Drug abuse
Eating disorders
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Is the chronic activation of the stress response as a
result of experiencing a potentially life-threatening event
Formerly called battle fatigue or shell shock because it was first characterized in men and
women returning from combat
Caused by major catastrophic life events
Major weather-related disasters
Airplane crashes
Terrorist bombings
Rape
Child abuse
Characteristics of PTSD Intrusion: the occurrence of "flashbacks" during waking hours or
nightmares in which the event is relived, often in vivid and frightening detail
Avoidance: the emotional numbing that accompanies this disorder and disrupts important
personal relationships
,Hyperarousal: the presence of increased irritability, difficulty concentration, an exaggerated
startle reflex, and increased vigilance and concern over safety
Thermoregulation Is important because most of the body's biochemical functions can only
occur within a certain temperature range.
Core body temperature (intracranial, intraabdominal, intrathoracic)
36.0oC to 37.5oC (97.0oF to 99.5oF)
Diurnal variations
Body temperature represents the difference in heat produced and heat lost.
Thermoregulatory responses:
Most of the body's heat is produced
deep within the core
With increased temperature
Vasodilation
Sweating
With decreased temperature
Vasoconstriction
Shivering
The hypothalamus is the primary thermoregulatory of the body
Receives input from core and skin
With rising or falling temperatures, hypothalamus initiates heat-dissipating or heat-conserving
behaviors
, The thalamus and cerebral cortex are also important in temperature regulation
Humans also have reflexive and automatic thermoregulatory mechanism
Clothing choice
Environmental temperature changes
Changing body positions to maintain or dispel heat
Methods of Obtaining Core Temperature Core temperatures are more accurate than skin
temperatures
Core temperatures are measured:
From a rectal temperature
From the esophagus using a flexible thermometer (commonly used in the operating room
during surgery)
From a pulmonary artery catheter that is used for thermodilution measurement of cardiac
output
From bladder catheters with temperature probes at the tip
Oral, ear, skin, and pacifier temperatures are best used to monitor trends in body temperature
Heat Loss Occurs through transfer of body core heat to the surface through the vascular
system and circulation
Methods of heat loss
Radiation: transfer of heat through vacuum or air
Environmental temp < body temperature
Guaranteed Success
Physiologic Reserve The ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to
adapt
EXAMPLES
Increase in red blood cells and increased oxygen
Liver cells and nutrient storage
Bone and calcium storage
Anatomic Reserve Paired organs where both of the pair are not needed to ensure the
continued existence and maintenance of the internal environment
Lungs, kidneys, and adrenals
Reactions to Acute Stress: FIGHT or FLIGHT Facilitation of neural pathways mediating
arousal
Alertness
Vigilance
Cognition
Focused attention
Appropriate aggression
Effects of Chronic Stress Pathophysiologic changes occur.
Altered physiological function
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Immune
Neurologic systems
,Altered psychological factors
Depression
Accidents
Suicide
Chronic alcoholism
Drug abuse
Eating disorders
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Is the chronic activation of the stress response as a
result of experiencing a potentially life-threatening event
Formerly called battle fatigue or shell shock because it was first characterized in men and
women returning from combat
Caused by major catastrophic life events
Major weather-related disasters
Airplane crashes
Terrorist bombings
Rape
Child abuse
Characteristics of PTSD Intrusion: the occurrence of "flashbacks" during waking hours or
nightmares in which the event is relived, often in vivid and frightening detail
Avoidance: the emotional numbing that accompanies this disorder and disrupts important
personal relationships
,Hyperarousal: the presence of increased irritability, difficulty concentration, an exaggerated
startle reflex, and increased vigilance and concern over safety
Thermoregulation Is important because most of the body's biochemical functions can only
occur within a certain temperature range.
Core body temperature (intracranial, intraabdominal, intrathoracic)
36.0oC to 37.5oC (97.0oF to 99.5oF)
Diurnal variations
Body temperature represents the difference in heat produced and heat lost.
Thermoregulatory responses:
Most of the body's heat is produced
deep within the core
With increased temperature
Vasodilation
Sweating
With decreased temperature
Vasoconstriction
Shivering
The hypothalamus is the primary thermoregulatory of the body
Receives input from core and skin
With rising or falling temperatures, hypothalamus initiates heat-dissipating or heat-conserving
behaviors
, The thalamus and cerebral cortex are also important in temperature regulation
Humans also have reflexive and automatic thermoregulatory mechanism
Clothing choice
Environmental temperature changes
Changing body positions to maintain or dispel heat
Methods of Obtaining Core Temperature Core temperatures are more accurate than skin
temperatures
Core temperatures are measured:
From a rectal temperature
From the esophagus using a flexible thermometer (commonly used in the operating room
during surgery)
From a pulmonary artery catheter that is used for thermodilution measurement of cardiac
output
From bladder catheters with temperature probes at the tip
Oral, ear, skin, and pacifier temperatures are best used to monitor trends in body temperature
Heat Loss Occurs through transfer of body core heat to the surface through the vascular
system and circulation
Methods of heat loss
Radiation: transfer of heat through vacuum or air
Environmental temp < body temperature
